The probiotic Bacillus subtilis BS50 decreases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Sean M Garvey, Eunice Mah, Traci M Blonquist, Valerie N Kaden, Jessica L Spears, Sean M Garvey, Eunice Mah, Traci M Blonquist, Valerie N Kaden, Jessica L Spears

Abstract

Abstract: Durable spore-forming probiotics are increasingly formulated into foods, beverages, and dietary supplements. To help meet this demand, the safety and efficacy of daily supplementation of Bacillus subtilis BS50 for 6 weeks was investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial of 76 healthy adults. Before and during supplementation, gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded daily using a multi-symptom questionnaire. Clinical chemistry, hematology, plasma lipids, and intestinal permeability and inflammation markers were measured at baseline and end of study. Compared to placebo, 2 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU) BS50 per day increased the proportion of participants showing improvement from baseline to week 6 in the composite score for bloating, burping, and flatulence (47.4% vs. 22.2%), whereby the odds of detecting an improvement were higher with BS50 (OR [95% CI]: 3.2 [1.1, 8.7], p = .024). Analyses of individual gastrointestinal symptoms indicate that BS50 increased the proportion of participants showing an improvement at week 6 compared to placebo for burping (44.7% vs. 22.2%, p = .041) and bloating (31.6% vs. 13.9%, p = .071), without affecting other symptoms. There were no clinically meaningful changes in clinical chemistry, hematology, plasma lipids and intestinal permeability and other inflammation markers. In conclusion, the results suggest that dietary supplementation of 2 × 109 CFU Bacillus subtilis BS50 per day is a well-tolerated and safe strategy to alleviate gas-related gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults.

Abbreviations: AE adverse event; BHD bowel habits diary; BMI body mass index; BSS Bristol Stool Scale; CFU colony-forming unit; CRP C-reactive protein; FGID functional gastrointestinal disorder; GI gastrointestinal; GITQ Gastrointestinal Tolerance Questionnaire; GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1; GSRS Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IBS irritable bowel syndrome; IL-10 interleukin-10; ITT intent-to-treat; LBP lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; PP per protocol; PYY peptide YY; TG triglyceride; total-C total cholesterol.

Keywords: Bacillus subtilis; bloating; burping; digestion; gastrointestinal; probiotic.

Conflict of interest statement

Sean Garvey is an employee of BIO-CAT, Inc., which provided funding for this study. Jessica Spears is an employee of BIO-CAT Microbials, LLC, which provided funding and manufactures the investigated probiotic strain. BIO-CAT Microbials, LLC provided the B. subtilis-containing test and placebo control products. BIO-CAT Microbials, LLC filed a patent application related to the enclosed findings (Patent Application No. PCT/US2022/040239). The funders were involved in the design of the study, in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results. Eunice Mah, Traci Blonquist, and Valerie Kaden are employees of Biofortis Research, Inc., a contract research organization. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Participant enrollment and treatment assignment to B. subtilis BS50 probiotic (2 × 109 CFU/day) or placebo. ITT, intent-to-treat; PP, per protocol.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Odds ratio for the improvement in the 3-item composite, bloating, burping, and flatulence scores from baseline to week 6 for BS50 compared to placebo.

References

    1. Ringel Y, Williams RE, Kalilani L, Cook SF.. Prevalence, characteristics, and impact of bloating symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(1):68–16. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.07.008.
    1. Seo AY, Kim N, Oh DH. Abdominal bloating: pathophysiology and treatment. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;19(4):433–453. doi:10.5056/jnm.2013.19.4.433.
    1. Almario CV, Ballal ML, Chey WD, Nordstrom C, Khanna D, Spiegel BMR. Burden of gastrointestinal symptoms in the United States: results of a nationally representative survey of over 71,000 Americans. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(11):1701–1710. doi:10.1038/s41395-018-0256-8.
    1. Sandler RS, Stewart WF, Liberman JN, Ricci JA, Zorich NL. Abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea in the United States: prevalence and impact. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45(6):1166–1171. doi:10.1023/a:1005554103531.
    1. Jiang X, Locke GR 3rd, Choung RS, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD, Talley NJ. Prevalence and risk factors for abdominal bloating and visible distention: a population-based study. Gut. 2008;57(6):756–763. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.142810.
    1. Lacy BE, Cangemi DJ. A pragmatic approach to the evaluation and treatment of abdominal bloating. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(5):701–705. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001665.
    1. Lacy BE, Gabbard SL, Crowell MD. Pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of bloating: hope, hype, or hot air? Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2011;7(11):729–739.
    1. Wilkinson JM, Cozine EW, Loftus CG. Gas, bloating, and belching: approach to evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(5):301–309.
    1. Bendezú RA, Barba E, Burri E, Cisternas D, Malagelada C, Segui S, Accarino A, Quiroga S, Monclus E, Navazo I, et al. Intestinal gas content and distribution in health and in patients with functional gut symptoms. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27(9):1249–1257. doi:10.1111/nmo.12618.
    1. Bredenoord AJ. Management of belching, hiccups, and aerophagia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(1):6–12. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.09.006.
    1. Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) . 2021. CRN consumer survey on dietary supplements. [accessed 20 April 2022].
    1. Mishra S, Stierman B, Gahche JJ, Potischman N. Dietary supplement use among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS data brief; no. 399. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.). 2021. doi:10.15620/cdc:101131.
    1. Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, Morelli L, Canani RB, Flint HJ, Salminen S, et al. Expert consensus document. The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;11(8):506–514. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66.
    1. Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_1):S49–S66. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy063.
    1. Sanders ME, Merenstein DJ, Reid G, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):605–616. doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0173-3.
    1. Colom J, Freitas D, Simon A, Brodkorb A, Buckley M, Deaton J, Winger AM. Presence and germination of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111® in the human small intestinal tract: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:715863. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.715863.
    1. Cutting SM. Bacillus probiotics. Food Microbiol. 2011;28(2):214–220. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.007.
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 399. Preparation of Bacillus coagulans strain GBI-30, 6086 spores. 2012. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration. GRN No. 526 . Bacillus coagulans strain Unique IS2 spores preparation. 2015. [accessed 6 July 2022]. .
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 597. Bacillus coagulans SNZ1969 spore preparation. 2016. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 601. Bacillus coagulans SBC37-01 spore preparation. 2016. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 691. Bacillus subtilis SANK 70258 spore preparation. 2017. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 831. Bacillus subtilis DE111. 2019. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 905. Bacillus subtilis strain SG188. 2020. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 949. Bacillus coagulans strain DSM 17654 spore preparation. 2021. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 955. Bacillus subtilis strain BS-MB40 PTA-122264 spore preparation. 2021. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 956. Bacillus subtilis ATCC SD-7280. 2021. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. United States Food and Drug Administration . GRN No. 969. Bacillus subtilis “Bss-19” spore preparation. 2021. [accessed 6 July 2022].
    1. Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, et al. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards . Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 14: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2021. EFSA J. 2021;19(7):e06689. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6689.
    1. Dolin BJ. Effects of a proprietary Bacillus coagulans preparation on symptoms of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2009;31(10):655–659. doi:10.1358/mf.2009.31.10.1441078.
    1. Gupta AK, Maity C. Efficacy and safety of Bacillus coagulans LBSC in irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, interventional, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study [CONSORT Compliant]. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(3):e23641. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000023641.
    1. Hatanaka M, Yamamoto K, Suzuki N, Iio S, Takara T, Morita H, Takimoto T, Nakamura T. Effect of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 on loose stools in healthy volunteers. Benef Microbes. 2018;9(3):357–365. doi:10.3920/BM2017.0103.
    1. Hun L. Bacillus coagulans significantly improved abdominal pain and bloating in patients with IBS. Postgrad Med. 2009;121(2):119–124. doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.03.1984.
    1. Kalman DS, Schwartz HI, Alvarez P, Feldman S, Pezzullo JC, Krieger DR. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group dual site trial to evaluate the effects of a Bacillus coagulans-based product on functional intestinal gas symptoms. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009;9:85. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-9-85.
    1. Madempudi RS, Ahire JJ, Neelamraju J, Tripathi A, Nanal S. Randomized clinical trial: the effect of probiotic Bacillus coagulans unique IS2 vs. placebo on the symptoms management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):12210. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48554-x.
    1. Maity C, Gupta AK. A prospective, interventional, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bacillus coagulans LBSC in the treatment of acute diarrhea with abdominal discomfort. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;75(1):21–31. doi:10.1007/s00228-018-2562-x.
    1. Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Natarajan S, Sivakumar A, Ali F, Pande A, Majeed S, Karri SK. Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 supplementation in the management of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a double blind randomized placebo controlled pilot clinical study. Nutr J. 2016;15:21. doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0140-6.
    1. Wauters L, Slaets H, De Paepe K, Ceulemans M, Wetzels S, Geboers K, Toth J, Thys W, Dybajlo R, Walgraeve D, et al. Efficacy and safety of spore-forming probiotics in the treatment of functional dyspepsia: a pilot randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(10):784–792. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00226-0.
    1. Penet C, Kramer R, Little R, Spears JL, Parker J, Iyer JK, Guthrie N, Evans M. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study evaluating the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis MB40 to reduce abdominal discomfort, gas, and bloating. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021;27(S1):146–157.
    1. Stecker RA, Moon JM, Russo TJ, Ratliff KM, Mumford PW, Jäger R, Purpura M, Kerksick CM. Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 improves amino acid absorption from milk protein. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2020;17:93. doi:10.1186/s12986-020-00515-2.
    1. Tarik M, Ramakrishnan L, Bhatia N, Goswami R, Kandasamy D, Roy A, Chandran DS, Singh A, Upadhyay AD, Kalaivani M, et al. The effect of Bacillus coagulans unique IS-2 supplementation on plasma amino acid levels and muscle strength in resistance trained males consuming whey protein: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(5):2673–2685. doi:10.1007/s00394-022-02844-9.
    1. Tran C, Cock IE, Chen X, Feng Y. Antimicrobial Bacillus: metabolites and their mode of action. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(1). doi:10.3390/antibiotics11010088.
    1. Ilinskaya ON, Ulyanova VV, Yarullina DR, Gataullin IG. Secretome of intestinal Bacilli: a natural guard against pathologies. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1666. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01666.
    1. Brutscher LM, Brogmeier C, Garvey SM, Spears JL. Preclinical safety assessment of Bacillus subtilis BS50 for probiotic and food applications. Microorganisms. 2022;10(5):1038. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10051038.
    1. Pariza MW, Gillies KO, Kraak-Ripple SF, Leyer G, Smith AB. Determining the safety of microbial cultures for consumption by humans and animals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;73(1):164–171. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.07.003.
    1. Boler BM, Serao MC, Bauer LL, Staeger MA, Boileau TW, Swanson KS, Fahey GC Jr. Digestive physiological outcomes related to polydextrose and soluble maize fibre consumption by healthy adult men. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(12):1864–1871. doi:10.1017/S0007114511002388.
    1. O’Donnell LJ, Virjee J, Heaton KW. Detection of pseudodiarrhoea by simple clinical assessment of intestinal transit rate. BMJ. 1990;300(6722):439–440. doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6722.439.
    1. Snyder E, Cai B, DeMuro C, Morrison MF, Ball W. A new single-item sleep quality scale: results of psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic primary insomnia and depression. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(11):1849–1857. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7478.
    1. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499–502. .
    1. Freedman KE, Hill JL, Wei Y, Vazquez AR, Grubb DS, Trotter RE, Wrigley SD, Johnson SA, Foster MT, Weir TL. Examining the gastrointestinal and immunomodulatory effects of the novel probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2453. doi:10.3390/ijms22052453.
    1. Hanifi A, Culpepper T, Mai V, Anand A, Ford AL, Ukhanova M, Christman M, Tompkins TA, Dahl WJ. Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis R0179 on gastrointestinal viability and general wellness: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults. Benef Microbes. 2015;6(1):19–27. doi:10.3920/BM2014.0031.
    1. Fakhry S, Sorrentini I, Ricca E, De Felice M, Baccigalupi L. Characterization of spore forming Bacilli isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. J Appl Microbiol. 2008;105(6):2178–2186. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03934.x.
    1. Hong HA, To E, Fakhry S, Baccigalupi L, Ricca E, Cutting SM. Defining the natural habitat of Bacillus spore-formers. Res Microbiol. 2009;160(6):375–379. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2009.06.006.
    1. Hoyles L, Honda H, Logan NA, Halket G, La Ragione RM, McCartney AL. Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces. Res Microbiol. 2012;163(1):3–13. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2011.10.004.
    1. Tam NK, Uyen NQ, Hong HA, Duc le H, Hoa TT, Serra CR, Henriques AO, Cutting SM. The intestinal life cycle of Bacillus subtilis and close relatives. J Bacteriol. 2006;188(7):2692–2700. doi:10.1128/JB.188.7.2692-2700.2006.
    1. Jäger R, Zaragoza J, Purpura M, Iametti S, Marengo M, Tinsley GM, Anzalone AJ, Oliver JM, Fiore W, Biffi A, et al. Probiotic administration increases amino acid absorption from plant protein: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, crossover Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2020;12(4):1330–1339. doi:10.1007/s12602-020-09656-5.
    1. Tom Dieck H, Schön C, Wagner T, Pankoke HC, Fluegel M, Speckmann B. A synbiotic formulation comprising Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 and l-alanyl-l-glutamine improves intestinal butyrate levels and lipid metabolism in healthy humans. Nutrients. 2021;14(1):143. doi:10.3390/nu14010143.
    1. Bodnaruc AM, Prud’homme D, Blanchet R, Giroux I. Nutritional modulation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016;13:92. doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0153-3.
    1. Seon MJ, Hwang SY, Son Y, Song J, Kim OY. Circulating GLP-1 levels as a potential indicator of metabolic syndrome risk in adult women. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):865. doi:10.3390/nu13030865.
    1. Koopen A, Witjes J, Wortelboer K, Majait S, Prodan A, Levin E, Herrema H, Winkelmeijer M, Aalvink S, Jjghm B, et al. Duodenal Anaerobutyricum soehngenii infusion stimulates GLP-1 production, ameliorates glycaemic control and beneficially shapes the duodenal transcriptome in metabolic syndrome subjects: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. Gut. 2022;71(8):1577–1587. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323297.
    1. Simon MC, Strassburger K, Nowotny B, Kolb H, Nowotny P, Burkart V, Zivehe F, Hwang JH, Stehle P, Pacini G, et al. Intake of Lactobacillus reuteri improves incretin and insulin secretion in glucose-tolerant humans: a proof of concept. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(10):1827–1834. doi:10.2337/dc14-2690.
    1. Balakumar M, Prabhu D, Sathishkumar C, Prabu P, Rokana N, Kumar R, Raghavan S, Soundarajan A, Grover S, Batish VK, et al. Improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by probiotic strains of Indian gut origin in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(1):279–295. doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1317-7.
    1. Singh S, Sharma RK, Malhotra S, Pothuraju R, Shandilya UK. Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCDC17 ameliorates type-2 diabetes by improving gut function, oxidative stress and inflammation in high-fat-diet fed and streptozotocintreated rats. Benef Microbes. 2017;8(2):243–255. doi:10.3920/BM2016.0090.
    1. Zhang C, Jiang J, Wang C, Li S, Yu L, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Zhai Q. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effects of probiotics on type 2 diabetes in adults. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(2):365–373. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.037.
    1. Labellarte G, Maher M. Tolerance and effect of a probiotic supplement delivered in capsule form. Food Nutr Sci. 2019;10:626–634. doi:10.4236/fns.2019.106046.
    1. Cuentas A, Deaton J, Davidson J, Ardita C. The effect of Bacillus subtilis DE111 on the daily bowel movement profile for people with occasional gastrointestinal irregularity. J Prob Health. 2017;5(4). .
    1. Abhari K, Saadati S, Hosseini-Oskouiee F, Yari Z, Hosseini H, Sohrab G, Hejazi E, Agah S, Sadeghi A, Hekmatdoost A. Is Bacillus coagulans supplementation plus low FODMAP diet superior to low FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome management? Eur J Nutr. 2020;59(5):2111–2117. doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02060-y.
    1. Saraiva M, O’Garra A. The regulation of IL-10 production by immune cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(3):170–181. doi:10.1038/nri2711.
    1. Couper KN, Blount DG, Riley EM. IL-10: the master regulator of immunity to infection. J Immunol. 2008;180(9):5771–5777. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5771.
    1. Choghakhori R, Abbasnezhad A, Amani R, Alipour M. Sex-related differences in clinical symptoms, quality of life, and biochemical factors in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62(6):1550–1560. doi:10.1007/s10620-017-4554-6.
    1. Kumar S, Shukla R, Ranjan P, Kumar A. Interleukin-10: a compelling therapeutic target in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Ther. 2017;39(3):632–643. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.030.
    1. Ivashkin V, Poluektov Y, Kogan E, Shifrin O, Sheptulin A, Kovaleva A, Kurbatova A, Krasnov G, Poluektova E. Disruption of the pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins expression, associated with changes of the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0252930. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252930.
    1. Chong HX, Yusoff NAA, Hor YY, Lew LC, Jaafar MH, Choi SB, Yusoff MSB, Wahid N, Abdullah MFIL, Zakaria N, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 improved upper respiratory tract infections via enhancing immune and inflammatory parameters: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102(6):4783–4797. doi:10.3168/jds.2018-16103.
    1. Mageswary MU, Ang XY, Lee BK, Chung YF, Azhar SNA, Hamid IJA, Bakar HA, Roslan NS, Liu X, Kang X, et al. Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis probio-M8 treated and prevented acute RTI, reduced antibiotic use and hospital stay in hospitalized young children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(3):1679–1691. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02689-8.
    1. Mei LH, Zheng WX, Zhao ZT, Meng N, Zhang QR, Zhu WJ, Li RD, Liang XL, Li QY. A pilot study of the effect of Lactobacillus casei obtained from long-lived elderly on blood biochemical, oxidative, and inflammatory markers, and on gut microbiota in young volunteers. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3891. doi:10.3390/nu13113891.
    1. Schultz M, Linde HJ, Lehn N, Zimmermann K, Grossmann J, Falk W, Schölmerich J. Immunomodulatory consequences of oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG in healthy volunteers. J Dairy Res. 2003;70(2):165–173. doi:10.1017/s0022029903006034.
    1. Spaiser SJ, Culpepper T, Nieves C Jr, Ukhanova M, Mai V, Percival SS, Christman MC, Langkamp-Henken B. Lactobacillus gasseri KS-13, Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1, and Bifidobacterium longum MM-2 ingestion induces a less inflammatory cytokine profile and a potentially beneficial shift in gut microbiota in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(6):459–469. doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.983249.
    1. Parada Venegas D, De la Fuente MK, Landskron G, González MJ, Quera R, Dijkstra G, Harmsen HJM, Faber KN, Hermoso MA. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:277. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00277.
    1. Kazemi A, Soltani S, Ghorabi S, Keshtkar A, Daneshzad E, Nasri F, Mazloomi SM. Effect of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on inflammatory markers in health and disease status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(3):789–819. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.04.004.
    1. Shimizu M, Hashiguchi M, Shiga T, Tamura HO, Mochizuki M. Meta-Analysis: effects of probiotic supplementation on lipid profiles in normal to mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139795. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139795.
    1. Trotter RE, Vazquez AR, Grubb DS, Freedman KE, Grabos LE, Jones S, Gentile CL, Melby CL, Johnson SA, Weir TL. Bacillus subtilis DE111 intake may improve blood lipids and endothelial function in healthy adults. Benef Microbes. 2020;11(7):621–630. doi:10.3920/BM2020.0039.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit