Intense and unpredictable perturbations during gait training improve dynamic balance abilities in chronic hemiparetic individuals: a randomized controlled pilot trial

Vahid Esmaeili, Andréanne Juneau, Joseph-Omer Dyer, Anouk Lamontagne, Dahlia Kairy, Laurent Bouyer, Cyril Duclos, Vahid Esmaeili, Andréanne Juneau, Joseph-Omer Dyer, Anouk Lamontagne, Dahlia Kairy, Laurent Bouyer, Cyril Duclos

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have assessed the effects of perturbation training on balance after stroke. However, the perturbations were either applied while standing or were small in amplitude during gait, which is not representative of the most common fall conditions. The perturbations were also combined with other challenges such as progressive increases in treadmill speed.

Objective: To determine the benefit of treadmill training with intense and unpredictable perturbations compared to treadmill walking-only training for dynamic balance and gait post-stroke.

Methods: Twenty-one individuals post-stroke with reduced dynamic balance abilities, with or without a history of fall and ability to walk on a treadmill without external support or a walking aid for at least 1 min were allocated to either an unpredictable gait perturbation (Perturb) group or a walking-only (NonPerturb) group through covariate adaptive randomization. Nine training sessions were conducted over 3 weeks. NonPerturb participants only walked on the treadmill but were offered perturbation training after the control intervention. Pre- and post-training evaluations included balance and gait abilities, maximal knee strength, balance confidence and community integration. Six-week phone follow-ups were conducted for balance confidence and community integration. Satisfaction with perturbation training was also assessed.

Results: With no baseline differences between groups (p > 0.075), perturbation training yielded large improvements in most variables in the Perturb (p < 0.05, Effect Size: ES > .46) group (n = 10) and the NonPerturb (p ≤ .089, ES > .45) group (n = 7 post-crossing), except for maximal strength (p > .23) in the NonPerturb group. Walking-only training in the NonPerturb group (n = 8, pre-crossing) mostly had no effect (p > .292, ES < .26), except on balance confidence (p = .063, ES = .46). The effects of the gait training were still present on balance confidence and community integration at follow-up. Satisfaction with the training program was high.

Conclusion: Intense and unpredictable gait perturbations have the potential to be an efficient component of training to improve balance abilities and community integration in individuals with chronic stroke. Retrospective registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. March 18th, 2020. Identifier: NCT04314830.

Keywords: Balance; Community mobility; Gait; Perturbation training; Strength; Stroke.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declared no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Description of the content of one training session
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flow diagram of the study; text boxes with a light blue background highlight the perturbation training periods
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mean and standard deviations (error bars) in the number of repeated (blue) and unpredictable (orange) perturbations applied among the 17 participants (Perturb group: n = 10, NonPerturb group after crossover: n = 7) who received perturbation training
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Effects of perturbation (Perturb training (grey) and NonPerturb 2nd training (solid black)) and walking-only training (NonPerturb 1st training (black outline)) on dynamic balance (Mini BESTest, top left), walking speed (10 MWT, top right), maximal knee extension strength (dynamometry, middle left), balance confidence (ABC, middle right) and level of community reintegration (RNLI, bottom) pre-, and immediate post-training, as well at the 6-weeks follow-up for balance confidence and community reintegration. NParetic: Nonparetic side. * indicates statistically significant change compared to the previous assessment time
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Responses to Short Form Questionnaire-Modified for Perturbations (SFQ-Mp) for participants who attended perturbation training (Perturb: n = 10, NonPerturb: n = 7), expressed an a percentage (%) of total responses

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Source: PubMed

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