Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Michael A Matthay, Rachel L Zemans, Guy A Zimmerman, Yaseen M Arabi, Jeremy R Beitler, Alain Mercat, Margaret Herridge, Adrienne G Randolph, Carolyn S Calfee, Michael A Matthay, Rachel L Zemans, Guy A Zimmerman, Yaseen M Arabi, Jeremy R Beitler, Alain Mercat, Margaret Herridge, Adrienne G Randolph, Carolyn S Calfee
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation. ARDS occurs most often in the setting of pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents or severe trauma and is present in ~10% of all patients in intensive care units worldwide. Despite some improvements, mortality remains high at 30-40% in most studies. Pathological specimens from patients with ARDS frequently reveal diffuse alveolar damage, and laboratory studies have demonstrated both alveolar epithelial and lung endothelial injury, resulting in accumulation of protein-rich inflammatory oedematous fluid in the alveolar space. Diagnosis is based on consensus syndromic criteria, with modifications for under-resourced settings and in paediatric patients. Treatment focuses on lung-protective ventilation; no specific pharmacotherapies have been identified. Long-term outcomes of patients with ARDS are increasingly recognized as important research targets, as many patients survive ARDS only to have ongoing functional and/or psychological sequelae. Future directions include efforts to facilitate earlier recognition of ARDS, identifying responsive subsets of patients and ongoing efforts to understand fundamental mechanisms of lung injury to design specific treatments.
Conflict of interest statement
M.A.M. declares grant support from Bayer (current), GlaxoSmithKline (prior) and Amgen (prior); has served as Data Safety and Monitoring Board chair for Roche-Genentech and has served as a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Bayer, Boehringer, CSL Berhring, Navigen, Quark and Cerus. G.A.Z. has served as a consultant for Navigen. Y.M.A. has served as a consultant for Gilead Sciences (past), Regeneron (past) and SAB Therapeutics (current). A.M. received fees for serving on a steering committee for Faron Pharmaceuticals, consulting fees from Air Liquide Medical Systems, grant support for research and lecture fees from Fisher & Paykel and Covidien, and lecture fees from Drager, Pfizer and ResMed. A.G.R. declares grant support from Roche-Genentech (current) and has served as a consultant for La Jolla Pharma and Bristol Meyer Squibb. C.S.C. declares grant support from Bayer (current) and GlaxoSmithKline (prior) and has served as a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Bayer, Boehringer, Prometic, Roche-Genentech, CSL Behring and Quark. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
Figures
![Fig. 1. The normal alveolus.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7097531/bin/41572_2019_69_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
![Fig. 2. Microscopic findings in lung tissue…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7097531/bin/41572_2019_69_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
![Fig. 3. The injured alveolus.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7097531/bin/41572_2019_69_Fig3_HTML.jpg)
![Fig. 4. Epithelial cell regeneration in ARDS.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7097531/bin/41572_2019_69_Fig4_HTML.jpg)
![Fig. 5. The repaired alveolus.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7097531/bin/41572_2019_69_Fig5_HTML.jpg)
![Fig. 6. Distinguishing ARDS on radiography.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7097531/bin/41572_2019_69_Fig6_HTML.jpg)
![Fig. 7. Common respiratory pathogens in ARDS…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7097531/bin/41572_2019_69_Fig7_HTML.jpg)
![Fig. 8. Identifying patients with early acute…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/7097531/bin/41572_2019_69_Fig8_HTML.jpg)
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Source: PubMed