Original Hosts, Clinical Features, Transmission Routes, and Vaccine Development for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Ting Wu, Shuntong Kang, Wenyao Peng, Chenzhe Zuo, Yuhao Zhu, Liangyu Pan, Keyun Fu, Yaxian You, Xinyuan Yang, Xuan Luo, Liping Jiang, Meichun Deng, Ting Wu, Shuntong Kang, Wenyao Peng, Chenzhe Zuo, Yuhao Zhu, Liangyu Pan, Keyun Fu, Yaxian You, Xinyuan Yang, Xuan Luo, Liping Jiang, Meichun Deng

Abstract

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to public concern worldwide. Although a variety of hypotheses about the hosts of SARS-CoV-2 have been proposed, an exact conclusion has not yet been reached. Initial clinical manifestations associated with COVID-19 are similar to those of other acute respiratory infections, leading to misdiagnoses and resulting in the outbreak at the early stage. SARS-CoV-2 is predominantly spread by droplet transmission and close contact; the possibilities of fecal-oral, vertical, and aerosol transmission have not yet been fully confirmed or rejected. Besides, COVID-19 cases have been reported within communities, households, and nosocomial settings through contact with confirmed COVID-19 patients or asymptomatic individuals. Environmental contamination is also a major driver for the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the absence of specific treatment for COVID-19, it is urgent to decrease the risk of transmission and take preventive measures to control the spread of the virus. In this review, we summarize the latest available data on the potential hosts, entry receptors, clinical features, and risk factors of COVID-19 and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, and we present the data about development of vaccines.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; original host; transmission modes; vaccine development.

Conflict of interest statement

XL was employed by Hunan Yuanpin Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Wu, Kang, Peng, Zuo, Zhu, Pan, Fu, You, Yang, Luo, Jiang and Deng.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Potential hosts, entry receptors and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2. Bats might be the original host of ARS-CoV-2 and several animals including snake, mink, pangolin, turtle, cat, ferret and dog might be intermediate hosts; Several receptors, including ACE2, AXL, CD147, LILRB2, SIGLEC-9, DC-SIGN, NRP1, ASCR1, and KREMEN1, have been recognized as candidate cell entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2. The initial manifestations associated with COVID-19 are not specific, including fever, cough, fatigue, myalgia, and dyspnea, which could involve in several organs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Transmission routes of SARS-COV-2. SARS-CoV-2 predominantly spreads via droplet transmission and through direct contact. the main transmission route is droplet transmission. The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on inanimate surfaces (Fomites transmission) is likely a compounding factor for viral transmission. Airbone, fecal-oral, sexual and vertical transmission haven't been observed in current cases. Viral transmission through breastfeeding and transmission from domestic animal to human still need to be confirmed. The main transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs between family members. Nosocomial transmission is supposed to be an important route of infection. Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals appear to be a substantial threaten for public health because of high secondary attack rate of them. Solid arrows show confirmed transmission route. Dashed lines show possible transmission routes needed to be confirmed.

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