The clinical usefulness of muscle mass and strength measures in older people: a systematic review

Eleanor Lunt, Terence Ong, Adam L Gordon, Paul L Greenhaff, John R F Gladman, Eleanor Lunt, Terence Ong, Adam L Gordon, Paul L Greenhaff, John R F Gladman

Abstract

Background: sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and quality and is diagnosed using measures of muscle strength, size and mass. We evaluated the literature on whether sarcopenia measures are predictive of motor outcomes in older people in clinical settings.

Methods: electronic databases (MEDLINE Ovid, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science) were searched for articles on measures of muscle mass, volume, thickness or strength, in older people in clinical settings, which reported cross-sectional or longitudinal associations with motor outcomes. Clinical cohorts included geriatric medical inpatients and outpatients, patients with hip fracture, geriatric rehabilitation and care home residents. Motor outcomes were mobility, falls, balance and activities of daily living (ADL). Due to high study heterogeneity, standardised mean differences were used to compare strength of associations.

Results: in total, 83 articles were identified. The most frequently studied measures were grip strength (47 studies), knee extension strength (21 studies) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (18 studies). Handgrip strength (HGS) had evidence for cross-sectional associations with mobility (14 of 16 studies, 2,088 participants), balance (6 of 6 studies, 1,177 participants) and ADL independence (10 of 11 studies, 3,228 participants), and evidence of longitudinal associations with mobility (3 of 3 studies, 883 participants) and ADL independence (7 of 10 studies, 1,511 participants). There was no conclusive evidence for association with falls.

Conclusions: HS was the most studied measure and was associated with mobility, balance and ADL outcomes. There was a paucity of studies, particularly with longitudinal follow-up, measuring muscle mass, volume or thickness using gold-standard approaches.

Keywords: clinical settings; muscle strength; older people; sarcopenia; systematic review.

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis flow diagram for the selection of studies on measures of muscle strength, muscle mass and motor outcomes.

References

    1. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 2010; 39: 412–23.
    1. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM et al. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the international sarcopenia initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age Ageing 2014; 43: 748–59.
    1. Beaudart C, Dawson A, Shaw SC et al. Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia: systematic review. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28: 1817–33.
    1. Beaudart C, Zaaria M, Pasleau F et al. Health outcomes of sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0169548.
    1. Borenstein MH, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Converting among effect sizes In: Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Chichester, UK: L. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
    1. Downes MJ, Brennan ML, Williams HC et al. Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ Open 2016; 6: e011458.
    1. Chen PJ, Lin M-H, Peng L-N et al. Predicting cause-specific mortality of older men living in the veterans home by handgrip strength and walking speed: a 3-year, prospective cohort study in Taiwan. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012; 13: 517–21.
    1. Martien S, Delecluse C, Boen F et al. Is knee extension strength a better predictor of functional performance than handgrip strength among older adults in three different settings? Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 60: 252–8.
    1. Caballer VB, Lisón JF, Rosado-Calatayud P et al. Factors associated with the 6-minute walk test in nursing home residents and community-dwelling older adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27: 3571–8.
    1. Cuesta F, Formiga F, Lopez-Soto A et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients attending outpatient geriatric clinics: the ELLI study. Age Ageing 2015; 44: 807–9.
    1. Bergland A, Narum I, Grönstedt H et al. Evaluating the feasibility and intercorrelation of measurements on the functioning of residents living in Scandinavian nursing homes. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr 2010; 28: 154–69.
    1. Bianchi L, Abete P, Bellelli G et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of sarcopenia, identified according to the EWGSOP definition and diagnostic algorithm, in hospitalized older people: the GLISTEN study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72: 1575–81.
    1. Rossi AP, Fantin F, Micciolo R et al. Identifying sarcopenia in acute care setting patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 15: 303.e7–12.
    1. Lauretani F, Maggio M, Ticinesi A et al. Muscle weakness, cognitive impairment and their interaction on altered balance in elderly outpatients: results from the TRIP observational study. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13: 1437–43.
    1. Söke F, K. HK, Ilgin D, Yuksel E, Ozcan O, Arslan T. Relationship between postural control and hand function in the subjects aged 65 years and over. Turk J Physiother Rehabil 2018; 29: 33–8.
    1. Bijlsma AY, Pasma JH, Lambers D et al. Muscle strength rather than muscle mass is associated with standing balance in elderly outpatients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14: 493–8.
    1. Buckinx F, Croisier J-L, Reginster J-Y et al. Prediction of the incidence of falls and deaths among elderly nursing home residents: the SENIOR study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2018; 19: 18–24.
    1. Maeda K, Shamoto H, Wakabayashi H et al. Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in older medical patients with mobility limitation. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32: 110–5.
    1. Al Snih S, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ et al. Hand grip strength and incident ADL disability in elderly Mexican Americans over a seven-year period. Aging Clin Exp Res 2004; 16: 481–6.
    1. Rijk JM, Roos PR, Deckx L et al. Prognostic value of handgrip strength in people aged 60 years and older: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 5–20.
    1. Bohannon RW. Hand-grip dynamometry predicts future outcomes in aging adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2008; 31: 3–10.
    1. Alexandre Tda S, Oliveira Duarte YA, Santos JLF et al. Sarcopenia according to the European working group on sarcopenia in older people (EWGSOP) versus dynapenia as a risk factor for mortality in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18: 751–6.
    1. Lauretani F, Russo CR, Bandinelli S et al. Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95: 1851–60.
    1. Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A et al. Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Clin Nutr 2012; 31: 652–8.
    1. Moreland JD, Richardson JA, Goldsmith CH et al. Muscle weakness and falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52: 1121–9.
    1. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2018.
    1. Franchi MV, Longo S, Mallinson J et al. Muscle thickness correlates to muscle cross-sectional area in the assessment of strength training-induced hypertrophy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28: 846–53.
    1. Nijholt W, Scafoglieri A, Jager-Wittenaar H et al. The reliability and validity of ultrasound to quantify muscles in older adults: a systematic review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8: 702–12.
    1. Clark RV, Walker AC, O'Connor-Semme RL et al. Total body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by creatine (methyl-d3) dilution in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116: 1605–13.
    1. Cawthon PM, Orwoll ES, Peters KE et al. Strong relation between muscle mass determined by D3-creatine dilution, physical performance, and incidence of falls and mobility limitations in a prospective cohort of older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74: 844–52.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit