Blood pressure and cardiac autonomic adaptations to isometric exercise training: A randomized sham-controlled study

Anthony Decaux, Jamie J Edwards, Harry T Swift, Philip Hurst, Jordan Hopkins, Jonathan D Wiles, Jamie M O'Driscoll, Anthony Decaux, Jamie J Edwards, Harry T Swift, Philip Hurst, Jordan Hopkins, Jonathan D Wiles, Jamie M O'Driscoll

Abstract

Isometric exercise training (IET) is increasingly cited for its role in reducing resting blood pressure (BP). Despite this, few studies have investigated a potential sham effect attributing to the success of IET, thus dictating the aim of the present study. Thirty physically inactive males (n = 15) and females (n = 15) were randomly assigned into three groups. The IET group completed a wall squat intervention at 95% peak heart rate (HR) using a prescribed knee joint angle. The sham group performed a parallel intervention, but at an intensity (<75% peak HR) previously identified to be inefficacious over a 4-week training period. No-intervention controls maintained their normal daily activities. Pre- and post-measures were taken for resting and continuous blood pressure and cardiac autonomic modulation. Resting clinic and continuous beat-to-beat systolic (-15.2 ± 9.2 and -7.3 ± 5.6 mmHg), diastolic (-4.6 ± 5 and -4.5 ± 5.1), and mean (-7 ± 4.2 and -7.5 ± 5.3) BP, respectively, all significantly decreased in the IET group compared to sham and no-intervention control. The IET group observed a significant decrease in low-frequency normalized units of heart rate variability concurrent with a significant increase in high-frequency normalized units of heart rate variability compared to both the sham and no-intervention control groups. The findings of the present study reject a nonspecific effect and further support the role of IET as an effective antihypertensive intervention. Clinical Trials ID: NCT05025202.

Keywords: blood pressure; isometric exercise.

Conflict of interest statement

There is no conflict of interest.

© 2022 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Mean continuous systolic (a), mean (b), and diastolic (c) blood pressure change values for the isometric exercise training group (open circles), no‐intervention control group (closed circles), and sham group (arrows). Note: Error bars indicate standard error of the mean; *p < 0.05 between the isometric exercise training group and both control and sham condition
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Illustrates the density distribution, average, and individual delta change in continuous systolic (a), mean (b), and diastolic (c) blood pressure following isometric exercise training, control, and sham groups

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