KONTAKT© for Australian adolescents on the autism spectrum: protocol of a randomized control trial

Bahareh Afsharnejad, Marita Falkmer, Melissa H Black, Tasha Alach, Fabian Lenhard, Anna Fridell, Christina Coco, Kelly Milne, Nigel T M Chen, Sven Bölte, Sonya Girdler, Bahareh Afsharnejad, Marita Falkmer, Melissa H Black, Tasha Alach, Fabian Lenhard, Anna Fridell, Christina Coco, Kelly Milne, Nigel T M Chen, Sven Bölte, Sonya Girdler

Abstract

Background: Individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience impairing challenges in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts. While social skills group training (SSGT) has shown moderate effects on various sociability outcomes in ASD, there is a need for (1) replication of effects in additional clinical and cultural contexts, (2) designs that employ active control groups, (3) calculation of health economic benefits, (4) identification of the optimal training duration, and (5) measurement of individual goals and quality of life outcomes.

Method/design: With the aim of investigating the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a SSGT, KONTAKT©, a two-armed randomized control trial with adolescents aged 12-17 years (N = 90) with ASD and an intelligence quotient (IQ) of over 70 will be undertaken. Following stratification for centre and gender, participants will be randomly assigned to either KONTAKT© or to an active control group, a group-based cooking programme. Participants will attend both programmes in groups of 6-8 adolescents, over 16 one-and-a-half-hour sessions. The primary outcome examined is adolescent self-rated achievement of personally meaningful social goals as assessed via the Goal Attainment Scaling during an interview with a blinded clinician. Secondary outcomes include adolescent self-reported interpersonal efficacy, quality of life, social anxiety, loneliness, face emotion recognition performance and associated gaze behaviour, and parent proxy reports of autistic traits, quality of life, social functioning, and emotion recognition and expression. Cost-effectiveness will be investigated in relation to direct and indirect societal and healthcare costs.

Discussion: The primary outcomes of this study will be evidenced in the anticipated achievement of adolescents' personally meaningful social goals following participation in KONTAKT© as compared to the active control group. This design will enable rigorous evaluation of the efficacy of KONTAKT©, exercising control over the possibly confounding effect of exposure to a social context of peers with a diagnosis of ASD.

Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). ACTRN12617001117303. Registered on 31 July 2017. anzctr.org.au ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03294668. Registered on 22 September 2017. https://clinicaltrials.gov.

Keywords: Adolescents; Autism spectrum disorder; KONTAKT; Social skills; Training.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no competing of interests. Sven Bölte receives royalties from Hogrefe publishers for the German and Swedish KONTAKT© manuals and the Swedish KONTAKT© Activity books. This research is conducted independent from the service provider with no competing interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Participant recruitment, allocation, and assessment procedure

References

    1. Association AP . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
    1. Bölte S, De Schipper E, Robison J, Wong V, Selb M, Singhal N, et al. Classification of functioning and impairment: the development of ICF core sets for autism spectrum disorder. 2014.
    1. Autism in Australia . 2015: Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2017.
    1. Taylor JL, Dove D, Veenstra-Vanderweele J, Sathe NL, ML MP, Jerome R, et al. Interventions for adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. Rockville: Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2012.
    1. Mesch G. In: Wired youth : the social world of adolescence in the information age. 1. Talmud I, editor. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2010.
    1. Cotterell J. In: Social networks in youth and adolescence. 2. Cotterell J, editor. Hove: Routledge; 2007.
    1. White S, Roberson-Nay R. Anxiety, social deficits, and loneliness in youth with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39(7):1006–1013. doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0713-8.
    1. Bovee JP. Autism/Asperger’s and sexuality: puberty and beyond. Autism. 2003. pp. 115–117.
    1. White S, Ollendick T, Albano A, Oswald D, Johnson C, Southam-Gerow M, et al. Randomized controlled trial: multimodal anxiety and social skill intervention for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(2):382–394. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1577-x.
    1. Ballaban-Gil K, Rapin I, Tuchman R, Shinnar S. Longitudinal examination of the behavioral, language, and social changes in a population of adolescents and young adults with autistic disorder. Pediatr Neurol. 1996;15(3):217–223. doi: 10.1016/S0887-8994(96)00219-6.
    1. Spain D, Blainey SH. Group social skills interventions for adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Autism. 2015;19(7):874–886. doi: 10.1177/1362361315587659.
    1. Shipman DL, Sheldrick RC, Perrin EC. Quality of life in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: reliability and validity of self-reports. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011;32(2):85. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e318203e558.
    1. Kroeger KA, Schultz JR, Newsom C. A comparison of two group-delivered social skills programs for young children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37(5):808–817. doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0207-x.
    1. Reichow B, Steiner AM, Volkmar F. Social skills groups for people aged 6 to 21 with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD008511.
    1. Cappadocia MC, Weiss JA. Review of social skills training groups for youth with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2011;5(1):70–78. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.04.001.
    1. Tse J, Strulovitch J, Tagalakis V, Meng L, Fombonne E. Social skills training for adolescents with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37(10):1960–1968. doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0343-3.
    1. Choque Olsson N, Flygare O, Coco C, Gorling A, Rade A, Chen Q, et al. Social skills training for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(7):585–592. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.001.
    1. Yoo HJ. Issues in adolescents with ASD: focused on social skills training. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry. 2012;4:52.
    1. Choque Olsson N, Tammimies K, Bölte S. Manualized social skills group training for children and adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorder: protocol of a naturalistic multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Transl Dev Psychiatry. 2015;3(1):29825. doi: 10.3402/tdp.v3.29825.
    1. Yoo HJ, Bahn G, Cho IH, Kim EK, Kim JH, Min JW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the Korean version of the PEERS ® parent-assisted social skills training program for teens with ASD. Autism Res. 2014;7(1):145–161. doi: 10.1002/aur.1354.
    1. Bolte S, Choque-Olsson N. KONTAKT (Swedish version) [Manual] Stockholm: HOGFREFE; 2011.
    1. Rao PA, Beidel DC, Murray MJ. Social skills interventions for children with Asperger’s syndrome or high-functioning autism: a review and recommendations. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(2):353–361. doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0402-4.
    1. Mandelberg J, Frankel F, Cunningham T, Gorospe C, Laugeson EA. Long-term outcomes of parent-assisted social skills intervention for high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism. 2014;18(3):255–263. doi: 10.1177/1362361312472403.
    1. Laugeson E, Frankel F, Gantman A, Dillon A, Mogil C. Evidence-based social skills training for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: the UCLA PEERS Program. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(6):1025–1036. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1339-1.
    1. Chang YC, Laugeson EA, Gantman A, Ellingsen R, Frankel F, Dillon AR. Predicting treatment success in social skills training for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: the UCLA program for the education and enrichment of relational skills. Autism. 2014;18(4):467–470. doi: 10.1177/1362361313478995.
    1. Gantman A, Kapp S, Orenski K, Laugeson E. Social skills training for young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(6):1094–1103. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1350-6.
    1. Laugeson EA, Frankel F, Mogil C, Dillon AR. Parent-assisted social skills training to improve friendships in teens with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39(4):596–606. doi: 10.1007/s10803-008-0664-5.
    1. Corbett B, Key A, Qualls L, Fecteau S, Newsom C, Coke C, et al. Improvement in social competence using a randomized trial of a theatre intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(2):658–672. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2600-9.
    1. Lerner M, Mikami A. A preliminary randomized controlled trial of two social skills interventions for youth with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabil. 2012;27(3):147–157. doi: 10.1177/1088357612450613.
    1. Matthews NL, Orr BC, Warriner K, DeCarlo M, Sorensen M, Laflin J, et al. Exploring the effectiveness of a peer-mediated model of the PEERS curriculum: a pilot randomized control trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48(7):2458–2475. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3504-2.
    1. White SW, Scahill L, Ollendick TH. Multimodal treatment for anxiety and social skills difficulties in adolescents on the autism spectrum. CBT for children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. New York: Guilford Press; 2013. pp. 123–146.
    1. Jonsson U, Olsson NC, Coco C, Görling A, Flygare O, Råde A, et al. Long-term social skills group training for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;56(7):585–92.
    1. Schohl K, Hecke A, Carson A, Dolan B, Karst J, Stevens S. A replication and extension of the PEERS intervention: examining effects on social skills and social anxiety in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(3):532–545. doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-1900-1.
    1. Vernon TW, Miller AR, Ko JA, Barrett AC, ES MG. A randomized controlled trial of the social tools and rules for teens (START) program: an immersive socialization intervention for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48(3):892–904. doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3380-1.
    1. Freitag CM, Jensen K, Elsuni L, Sachse M, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Schulte-Ruther M, et al. Group-based cognitive behavioural psychotherapy for children and adolescents with ASD: the randomized, multicentre, controlled SOSTA - net trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57(5):596–605. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12509.
    1. Gabriels RL, Pan Z, Dechant B, Agnew JA, Brim N, Mesibov G. Randomized controlled trial of therapeutic horseback riding in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(7):541–549. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.04.007.
    1. Loukusa S, Mäkinen L, Kuusikko-Gauffin S, Ebeling H, Moilanen I. Theory of mind and emotion recognition skills in children with specific language impairment, autism spectrum disorder and typical development: group differences and connection to knowledge of grammatical morphology, word-finding abilities and verbal working memory. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2014;49(4):498–507. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12091.
    1. Moyal WN, Lord C, Walkup JT. Quality of life in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: what is known about the effects of pharmacotherapy? Pediatric Drugs. 2014;16(2):123–128. doi: 10.1007/s40272-013-0050-4.
    1. Sheldrick R, Neger E, Shipman D, Perrin E. Quality of life of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: concordance among adolescents’ self-reports, parents’ reports, and parents’ proxy reports. Qual Life Res. 2012;21(1):53–57. doi: 10.1007/s11136-011-9916-5.
    1. Herbrecht E, Poustka F. Frankfurt group social communication and interaction skills training for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Zeitschrift fur Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie. 2007;35(1):33–40. doi: 10.1024/1422-4917.35.1.33.
    1. Herbrecht E, Bölte S, Poustka F. KONTAKT : social färdighetsträning i grupp med fokus på kommunikation och social interaktion vid autismspektrumtillstånd enligt Frankfurtmodellen. Stockholm: Hogrefe Psykologiforlaget AB; 2011.
    1. Herbrecht E, Bölte S, Poustka F. KONTAKT - Frankfurter Kommunikations- und soziales interaktions-gruppentraining bei autismus-spektrum-störungen. Gottingen: Hogrefe Psykologiforlaget AB; 2008.
    1. Ravindran N, Myers B. Cultural influences on perceptions of health, illness, and disability: a review and focus on autism. J Child Fam Stud. 2012;21(2):311–319. doi: 10.1007/s10826-011-9477-9.
    1. Daley TC. The need for cross-cultural research on the pervasive developmental disorders. Transcult Psychiatry. 2002;39(4):531–550. doi: 10.1177/136346150203900409.
    1. Kopelowicz A. Social skills training: the moderating influence of culture in the treatment of Latinos with schizophrenia. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1997;19(2):101–108. doi: 10.1007/BF02229037.
    1. Kreuter M, Siösteen A, Erkholm B, Byström U, Brown DJ. Health and quality of life of persons with spinal cord lesion in Australia and Sweden. Spinal cord. 2005;43(2):123. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101692.
    1. Jonsson U, Choque Olsson N, Bölte S. Can findings from randomized controlled trials of social skills training in autism spectrum disorder be generalized? the neglected dimension of external validity. Autism. 2016;20(3):295–305. doi: 10.1177/1362361315583817.
    1. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Br Med J. 2010;340:c869. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c869.
    1. American Psychiatric Asociation . Diagnostic and satistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. 4. Washington: Author; 2000.
    1. Lord C, Rutter M, PC DL, Risi S, Gotham K, Bishop SL. Autism diagnostic observation schedule, second edition (ADOS-2) (Part I): modules 1–4 [Manual] Torrance: Western Psychological Services; 2012.
    1. McCrimmon AW, Smith AD. Review of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, second edition (WASI-II) 2013. pp. 337–341.
    1. Pandolfi V, Magyar CI, Norris M. Validity study of the CBCL 6–18 for the assessment of emotional problems in youth with ASD. J Mental Health Res Intellect Disabil. 2014;7(4):306–322. doi: 10.1080/19315864.2014.930547.
    1. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41:1149–1160. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
    1. Ruble L, McGrew J, Toland M. Goal Attainment Scaling as an outcome measure in randomized controlled trials of psychosocial interventions in autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(9):1974–1983. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1446-7.
    1. Ruble LA, Mcgrew JH, Toland MD, Dalrymple NJ, Jung LA. A randomized controlled trial of COMPASS web-based and face-to-face teacher coaching in autism. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;81(3):566–572. doi: 10.1037/a0032003.
    1. Willis CE, Nyquist A, Jahnsen R, Elliott C, Ullenhag A. Enabling physical activity participation for children with disabilities: goal attainment, performance, and satisfaction following intervention. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58:30.
    1. Choque Olsson N, Karlsson A, Andersson S, Boström A, Ljungström M, Bölte S. Cross-cultural adaptation of the KONTAKT social skills group training program for children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a feasibility study. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatry Psychol. 2016;4(2):9.
    1. Kiresuk TJ, Sherman RE. Goal attainment scaling: a general method for evaluating comprehensive community mental health programs. Community Mental Health J. 1968;4(6):443–453. doi: 10.1007/BF01530764.
    1. Kiresuk TJ, Smith A, Cardillo JE. Goal Attainment Scaling: applications, theory, and measurement. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc; 1994.
    1. Ruble LA, Dalrymple NJ, McGrew JH. In: Collaborative model for promoting competence and success for students with ASD. Dalrymple NJ, McGrew JH, SpringerLink, editors. New York: Springer New York; 2012.
    1. Constantino JN, Gruber CP. Social Responsiveness Scale (2nd ed.) Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 2012.
    1. Aldridge FJ, Gibbs VM, Schmidhofer K, Williams M. Investigating the clinical usefulness of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) in a tertiary level, autism spectrum disorder specific assessment clinic. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(2):294–300. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1242-9.
    1. Bölte S, Poustka F, Constantino JN. Assessing autistic traits: cross-cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS) Autism Res. 2008;1(6):354–363. doi: 10.1002/aur.49.
    1. Locke KD, Sadler P. Self-efficacy, values, and complementarity in dyadic interactions: integrating interpersonal and social-cognitive theory. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2007;33(1):94–109. doi: 10.1177/0146167206293375.
    1. Locke KD, Mitchell GE. Self-perceptions, parent-perceptions, and meta-perceptions of the interpersonal efficacy of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2016;31:19–29. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2016.07.006.
    1. Ling Y, Zhang M, Locke KD, Li G, Li Z. Examining the process of responding to Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values items: should ideal point scoring methods be considered? J Pers Assess. 2016;98(3):310–318. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1077852.
    1. Houghton S, Hattie J, Carroll A, Wood L, Baffour B. It hurts to be lonely! Loneliness and positive mental wellbeing in Australian rural and urban adolescents. J Psychol Counsellors Schools. 2016;26(1):52–67. doi: 10.1017/jgc.2016.1.
    1. Houghton S, Hattie J, Wood L, Carroll A, Martin K, Tan C. Conceptualising loneliness in adolescents: development and validation of a self-report instrument. Child Psychiatry Human Dev. 2014;45(5):604–616. doi: 10.1007/s10578-013-0429-z.
    1. Houghton S, Roost E, Carroll A, Brandtman M. Loneliness in children and adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2015;37(1):27–37. doi: 10.1007/s10862-014-9434-1.
    1. Beaumont R, Sofronoff K. A multi-component social skills intervention for children with Asperger syndrome: the Junior Detective Training Program. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(7):743–753. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01920.x.
    1. Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA. The PedsQL: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med Care. 1999;37(2):126. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199902000-00003.
    1. McStay RL, Dissanayake C, Scheeren A, Koot HM, Begeer S. Parenting stress and autism: the role of age, autism severity, quality of life and problem behaviour of children and adolescents with autism. Autism. 2014;18(5):502–510. doi: 10.1177/1362361313485163.
    1. Thomas S, Sciberras E, Lycett K, Papadopoulos N, Rinehart N. Physical functioning, emotional, and behavioral problems in children with ADHD and comorbid ASD: a cross-sectional study. J Atten Disord. 2018;22(10):1002–1007. doi: 10.1177/1087054715587096.
    1. Mattick RP, Clarke JC. Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36(4):455–470. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6.
    1. Gomez R. Factor structure of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale short forms. Pers Individ Differences. 2016;96:83–87. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.086.
    1. Ratcliffe J, Huynh E, Chen G, Stevens K, Swait J, Brazier J, et al. Valuing the Child Health Utility 9D: using profile case best worst scaling methods to develop a new adolescent specific scoring algorithm. Soc Sci Med. 2016;157(C):48–59. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.042.
    1. Stevens K. Valuation of the Child Health Utility 9D index. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012;30(8):729–747. doi: 10.2165/11599120-000000000-00000.
    1. Junek W. Mind reading: the interactive guide to emotions. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16(4):182–183.
    1. (SMI) SI . SMI gaze and eye tracking systems. 2015.
    1. Louwerse A, van Der Geest JN, Tulen JHM, van Der Ende J, Van Gool AR, Verhulst FC, et al. Effects of eye gaze directions of facial images on looking behaviour and autonomic responses in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2013;7(9):1043–1053. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2013.04.013.
    1. Grynszpan O, Nadel J, Martin J-C, Simonin J, Bailleul P, Wang Y, et al. Self-monitoring of gaze in high functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(8):1642–1650. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1404-9.
    1. Alexander R, Anders K, Johanna B, Gerhard A, Per C. Negative effects of psychological treatments: an exploratory factor analysis of the negative effects questionnaire for monitoring and reporting adverse and unwanted events. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157503. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157503.
    1. Chen Y-W, Bundy A, Cordier R, Chien Y-L, Einfeld S. The experience of social participation in everyday contexts among individuals with autism spectrum disorders: an experience sampling study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(4):1403–1414. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2682-4.
    1. Cordier R, Brown N, Chen Y, Wilkes-Gillan S, Falkmer T. Piloting the use of experience sampling method to investigate the everyday social experience of children with Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism. Dev Neurorehabil. 2014;19(2):103–110.
    1. Zirkel S, Garcia JA, Murphy MC. Experience-sampling research methods and their potential for education research. Educ Res. 2015;44(1):7–16. doi: 10.3102/0013189X14566879.
    1. Chen Y-W, Bundy A, Cordier R, Einfeld S. Feasibility and usability of experience sampling methodology for capturing everyday experiences of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Disabil Health Journal. 2014;7(3):361–366. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.04.004.
    1. Hirvikoski T, Waaler E, Lindström T, Bölte S, Jokinen J. Cognitive behavior therapy-based psychoeducational groups for adults with ADHD and their significant others (PEGASUS): an open clinical feasibility trial. 2015.
    1. IBM Corp . IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 24.0. Armonk: IBM Corp; 2016.
    1. Ratcliffe J, Stevens K, Flynn T, Brazier J, Sawyer M. An assessment of the construct validity of the CHU9D in the Australian adolescent general population. Int J Qual Life Aspects Treatment Care Rehabil. 2012;21(4):717–725. doi: 10.1007/s11136-011-9971-y.
    1. Maes IHL, Delespaul PAEG, Peters ML, White MP, van Horn Y, Schruers K, et al. Measuring health-related quality of life by experiences: the experience sampling method. Value in Health. 2015;18(1):44–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.10.003.
    1. Black MH, Chen NTM, Iyer KK, Lipp OV, Bölte S, Falkmer M, et al. Mechanisms of facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders: Insights from eye tracking and electroencephalography. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;80:488–515. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.016.
    1. Gates JA, Kang E, Lerner MD. Efficacy of group social skills interventions for youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;52:164–181. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.006.
    1. Miller A, Vernon T, Wu V, Russo K. Social skill group interventions for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Rev J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;1(4):254–265. doi: 10.1007/s40489-014-0017-6.
    1. Bottema-Beutel K, Mullins TS, Harvey MN, Gustafson JR, Carter EW. Avoiding the “brick wall of awkward”: perspectives of youth with autism spectrum disorder on social-focused intervention practices. Autism. 2016;20(2):196–206. doi: 10.1177/1362361315574888.
    1. Dillon AR. Perceptions of peer rejection among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. California: Palo Alto University; 2013.
    1. Wolstencroft J, Robinson L, Srinivasan R, Kerry E, Mandy W, Skuse D. A systematic review of group social skills interventions, and meta-analysis of outcomes, for children with high functioning ASD. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48(7):2293–2307. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3485-1.
    1. Choque Olsson N, Rautio D, Asztalos J, Stoetzer U, Bolte S. Social skills group training in high-functioning autism: a qualitative responder study. Autism. 2016;20(8):995–1010. doi: 10.1177/1362361315621885.
    1. Lambert MJ. Prevention of treatment failure: the use of measuring, monitoring, and feedback in clinical practice / Michael J. Lambert. 1st ed.. ed. Washington.: American Psychological Association; 2010.
    1. JWa C. In: Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches / John W. Creswell, J. David Creswell. 5. JDa C, editor. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc; 2018.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit