Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 2: consensus statement for anaesthesia practice

A Feldheiser, O Aziz, G Baldini, B P B W Cox, K C H Fearon, L S Feldman, T J Gan, R H Kennedy, O Ljungqvist, D N Lobo, T Miller, F F Radtke, T Ruiz Garces, T Schricker, M J Scott, J K Thacker, L M Ytrebø, F Carli, A Feldheiser, O Aziz, G Baldini, B P B W Cox, K C H Fearon, L S Feldman, T J Gan, R H Kennedy, O Ljungqvist, D N Lobo, T Miller, F F Radtke, T Ruiz Garces, T Schricker, M J Scott, J K Thacker, L M Ytrebø, F Carli

Abstract

Background: The present interdisciplinary consensus review proposes clinical considerations and recommendations for anaesthetic practice in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery with an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) programme.

Methods: Studies were selected with particular attention being paid to meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials and large prospective cohort studies. For each item of the perioperative treatment pathway, available English-language literature was examined and reviewed. The group reached a consensus recommendation after critical appraisal of the literature.

Results: This consensus statement demonstrates that anaesthesiologists control several preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative ERAS elements. Further research is needed to verify the strength of these recommendations.

Conclusions: Based on the evidence available for each element of perioperative care pathways, the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society presents a comprehensive consensus review, clinical considerations and recommendations for anaesthesia care in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery within an ERAS programme. This unified protocol facilitates involvement of anaesthesiologists in the implementation of the ERAS programmes and allows for comparison between centres and it eventually might facilitate the design of multi-institutional prospective and adequately powered randomized trials.

© 2015 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Identification of patients with primary or secondary postoperative Ileus (POI). SIRS, systemic inflammmatory response; WBC, white blood cell; Hb, hemoglobin; K+, potassium; HPO4 2−, phospate.

References

    1. Weiser TG, Regenbogen SE, Thompson KD, Haynes AB, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Gawande AA. An estimation of the global volume of surgery: a modelling strategy based on available data. Lancet 2008; 372: 139–44.
    1. Pearse RM, Moreno RP, Bauer P, Pelosi P, Metnitz P, Spies C, Vallet B, Vincent JL, Hoeft A, Rhodes A. European Surgical Outcomes Study group for the Trials groups of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Mortality after surgery in Europe: a 7 day cohort study. Lancet 2012; 380: 1059–65.
    1. Lassen K, Soop M, Nygren J, Cox PB, Hendry PO, Spies C, von Meyenfeldt MF, Fearon KC, Revhaug A, Norderval S, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN, Dejong CH, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery G . Consensus review of optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Group recommendations. Arch Surg 2009; 144: 961–9.
    1. Khoo CK, Vickery CJ, Forsyth N, Vinall NS, Eyre‐Brook IA. A prospective randomized controlled trial of multimodal perioperative management protocol in patients undergoing elective colorectal resection for cancer. Ann Surg 2007; 245: 867–72.
    1. Vlug MS, Wind J, Hollmann MW, Ubbink DT, Cense HA, Engel AF, Gerhards MF, van Wagensveld BA, van der Zaag ES, van Geloven AA, Sprangers MA, Cuesta MA, Bemelman WA, LAFA Study Group . Laparoscopy in combination with fast track multimodal management is the best perioperative strategy in patients undergoing colonic surgery: a randomized clinical trial (LAFA‐study). Ann Surg 2011; 254: 868–75.
    1. Basse L, Raskov HH, Hjort Jakobsen D, Sonne E, Billesbolle P, Hendel HW, Rosenberg J, Kehlet H. Accelerated postoperative recovery programme after colonic resection improves physical performance, pulmonary function and body composition. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 446–53.
    1. Basse L, Hjort Jakobsen D, Billesbolle P, Werner M, Kehlet H. A clinical pathway to accelerate recovery after colonic resection. Ann Surg 2000; 232: 51–7.
    1. Muller S, Zalunardo MP, Hubner M, Clavien PA, Demartines N. A fast‐track program reduces complications and length of hospital stay after open colonic surgery. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 842–7.
    1. Serclova Z, Dytrych P, Marvan J, Nova K, Hankeova Z, Ryska O, Slegrova Z, Buresova L, Travnikova L, Antos F. Fast‐track in open intestinal surgery: prospective randomized study (Clinical Trials Gov Identifier no. NCT00123456). Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 618–24.
    1. Werawatganon T, Charuluxanun S. Patient controlled intravenous opioid analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia for pain after intra‐abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (1): CD004088.
    1. Varadhan KK, Lobo DN. A meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials of intravenous fluid therapy in major elective open abdominal surgery: getting the balance right. Proc Nutr Soc 2010; 69: 488–98.
    1. Rahbari NN, Zimmermann JB, Schmidt T, Koch M, Weigand MA, Weitz J. Meta‐analysis of standard, restrictive and supplemental fluid administration in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2009; 96: 331–41.
    1. Bijker JB, van Klei WA, Vergouwe Y, Eleveld DJ, van Wolfswinkel L, Moons KG, Kalkman CJ. Intraoperative hypotension and 1‐year mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 1217–26.
    1. Scott MJ, Baldini G, Fearon K, Feldheiser A, Feldman L, Gan TJ, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN, Rockall TA, Schricker T, Carli F. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 1: pathophysiological considerations. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2015; 59: 1212–31.
    1. Cerantola Y, Valerio M, Persson B, Jichlinski P, Ljungqvist O, Hubner M, Kassouf W, Muller S, Baldini G, Carli F, Naesheimh T, Ytrebo L, Revhaug A, Lassen K, Knutsen T, Aarsether E, Wiklund P, Patel HR. Guidelines for perioperative care after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) society recommendations. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 879–87.
    1. Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Schwenk W, Demartines N, Roulin D, Francis N, McNaught CE, Macfie J, Liberman AS, Soop M, Hill A, Kennedy RH, Lobo DN, Fearon K, Ljungqvist O. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, International Association for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colonic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS ®) Society recommendations. World J Surg 2013; 37: 259–84.
    1. Mortensen K, Nilsson M, Slim K, Schafer M, Mariette C, Braga M, Carli F, Demartines N, Griffin SM, Lassen K, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery G . Consensus guidelines for enhanced recovery after gastrectomy: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS ®) Society recommendations. Br J Surg 2014; 101: 1209–29.
    1. Nygren J, Thacker J, Carli F, Fearon KC, Norderval S, Lobo DN, Ljungqvist O, Soop M, Ramirez J. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, International Association for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective rectal/pelvic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS ®) Society recommendations. World J Surg 2013; 37: 285–305.
    1. Lassen K, Coolsen MM, Slim K, Carli F, deAguilar‐Nascimento JE , Schafer M, Parks RW, Fearon KC, Lobo DN, Demartines N, Braga M, Ljungqvist O, Dejong CH, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society fPC , European Society for Clinical N, Metabolism, International Association for Surgical M, Nutrition . Guidelines for perioperative care for pancreaticoduodenectomy: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS ®) Society recommendations. World J Surg 2013; 37: 240–58.
    1. Pearse RM, Harrison DA, James P, Watson D, Hinds C, Rhodes A, Grounds RM, Bennett ED. Identification and characterisation of the high‐risk surgical population in the United Kingdom. Crit Care 2006; 10: R81.
    1. Khuri SF, Henderson WG, DePalma RG, Mosca C, Healey NA, Kumbhani DJ, Participants in the VANSQIP . Determinants of long‐term survival after major surgery and the adverse effect of postoperative complications. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 326–41; discussion 41‐3.
    1. Copeland GP, Jones D, Walters M. POSSUM: a scoring system for surgical audit. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 355–60.
    1. Prytherch DR, Whiteley MS, Higgins B, Weaver PC, Prout WG, Powell SJ. POSSUM and Portsmouth POSSUM for predicting mortality. Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1217–20.
    1. Tekkis PP, Poloniecki JD, Thompson MR, Stamatakis JD. Operative mortality in colorectal cancer: prospective national study. BMJ 2003; 327: 1196–201.
    1. Tekkis PP, McCulloch P, Poloniecki JD, Prytherch DR, Kessaris N, Steger AC. Risk‐adjusted prediction of operative mortality in oesophagogastric surgery with O‐POSSUM. Br J Surg 2004; 91: 288–95.
    1. Neary WD, Heather BP, Earnshaw JJ. The Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM). Br J Surg 2003; 90: 157–65.
    1. Cohen ME, Bilimoria KY, Ko CY, Hall BL. Development of an American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program: morbidity and mortality risk calculator for colorectal surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208: 1009–16.
    1. Gupta PK, Gupta H, Sundaram A, Kaushik M, Fang X, Miller WJ, Esterbrooks DJ, Hunter CB, Pipinos II, Johanning JM, Lynch TG, Forse RA, Mohiuddin SM, Mooss AN. Development and validation of a risk calculator for prediction of cardiac risk after surgery. Circulation 2011; 124: 381–7.
    1. Lee TH, Goldman L. Letter by Lee and Goldman regarding article, “Development and validation of a risk calculator for prediction of cardiac risk after surgery”. Circulation 2012; 125: e385; author reply e86.
    1. Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, Barnason SA, Beckman JA, Bozkurt B, Davila‐Roman VG, Gerhard‐Herman MD, Holly TA, Kane GC, Marine JE, Nelson MT, Spencer CC, Thompson A, Ting HH, Uretsky BF, Wijeysundera DN. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014; 130: 2215–45.
    1. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, Thomas EJ, Polanczyk CA, Cook EF, Sugarbaker DJ, Donaldson MC, Poss R, Ho KK, Ludwig LE, Pedan A, Goldman L. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation 1999; 100: 1043–9.
    1. Botto F, Alonso‐Coello P, Chan MT, Villar JC, Xavier D, Srinathan S, Guyatt G, Cruz P, Graham M, Wang CY, Berwanger O, Pearse RM, Biccard BM, Abraham V, Malaga G, Hillis GS, Rodseth RN, Cook D, Polanczyk CA, Szczeklik W, Sessler DI, Sheth T, Ackland GL, Leuwer M, Garg AX, Lemanach Y, Pettit S, Heels‐Ansdell D, Luratibuse G, Walsh M, Sapsford R, Schunemann HJ, Kurz A, Thomas S, Mrkobrada M, Thabane L, Gerstein H, Paniagua P, Nagele P, Raina P, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ, Devereaux PJ, Sessler DI, Walsh M, Guyatt G, McQueen MJ, Bhandari M, Cook D, Bosch J, Buckley N, Yusuf S, Chow CK, Hillis GS, Halliwell R, Li S, Lee VW, Mooney J, Polanczyk CA, Furtado MV, Berwanger O, Suzumura E, Santucci E, Leite K, Santo JA, Jardim CA, Cavalcanti AB, Guimaraes HP, Jacka MJ, Graham M, McAlister F, McMurtry S, Townsend D, Pannu N, Bagshaw S, Bessissow A, Bhandari M, Duceppe E, Eikelboom J, Ganame J, Hankinson J, Hill S, Jolly S, Lamy A, Ling E, Magloire P, Pare G, Reddy D, Szalay D, Tittley J, Weitz J, Whitlock R, Darvish‐Kazim S, Debeer J, Kavsak P, Kearon C, Mizera R, O'Donnell M, McQueen M, Pinthus J, Ribas S, Simunovic M, Tandon V, Vanhelder T, Winemaker M, Gerstein H, McDonald S, O'Bryne P, Patel A, Paul J, Punthakee Z, Raymer K, Salehian O, Spencer F, Walter S, Worster A, Adili A, Clase C, Cook D, Crowther M, Douketis J, Gangji A, Jackson P, Lim W, Lovrics P, Mazzadi S, Orovan W, Rudkowski J, Soth M, Tiboni M, Acedillo R, Garg A, Hildebrand A, Lam N, Macneil D, Mrkobrada M, Roshanov PS, Srinathan SK, Ramsey C, John PS, Thorlacius L, Siddiqui FS, Grocott HP, McKay A, Lee TW, Amadeo R, Funk D, McDonald H, Zacharias J, Villar JC, Cortes OL, Chaparro MS, Vasquez S, Castaneda A, Ferreira S, Coriat P, Monneret D, Goarin JP, Esteve CI, Royer C, Daas G, Chan MT, Choi GY, Gin T, Lit LC, Xavier D, Sigamani A, Faruqui A, Dhanpal R, Almeida S, Cherian J, Furruqh S, Abraham V, Afzal L, George P, Mala S, Schunemann H, Muti P, Vizza E, Wang CY, Ong GS, Mansor M, Tan AS, Shariffuddin II, Vasanthan V, Hashim NH, Undok AW, Ki U, Lai HY, Ahmad WA, Razack AH, Malaga G, Valderrama‐Victoria V, Loza‐Herrera JD, De Los Angeles Lazo M, Rotta‐Rotta A, Szczeklik W, Sokolowska B, Musial J, Gorka J, Iwaszczuk P, Kozka M, Chwala M, Raczek M, Mrowiecki T, Kaczmarek B, Biccard B, Cassimjee H, Gopalan D, Kisten T, Mugabi A, Naidoo P, Naidoo R, Rodseth R, Skinner D, Torborg A, Paniagua P, Urrutia G, Maestre ML, Santalo M, Gonzalez R, Font A, Martinez C, Pelaez X, De Antonio M, Villamor JM, Garcia JA, Ferre MJ, Popova E, Alonso‐Coello P, Garutti I, Cruz P, Fernandez C, Palencia M, Diaz S, Del Castillo T, Varela A, de Miguel A, Munoz M, Pineiro P, Cusati G, Del Barrio M, Membrillo MJ, Orozco D, Reyes F, Sapsford RJ, Barth J, Scott J, Hall A, Howell S, Lobley M, Woods J, Howard S, Fletcher J, Dewhirst N, Williams C, Rushton A, Welters I, Leuwer M, Pearse R, Ackland G, Khan A, Niebrzegowska E, Benton S, Wragg A, Archbold A, Smith A, McAlees E, Ramballi C, Macdonald N, Januszewska M, Stephens R, Reyes A, Paredes LG, Sultan P, Cain D, Whittle J, Del Arroyo AG, Sessler DI, Kurz A, Sun Z, Finnegan PS, Egan C, Honar H, Shahinyan A, Panjasawatwong K, Fu AY, Wang S, Reineks E, Nagele P, Blood J, Kalin M, Gibson D, Wildes T, Vascular events In noncardiac Surgery patIents cOhort evaluatioN Writing Group oboTVeInSpceI, Appendix 1 . The Vascular events In noncardiac Surgery patIents cOhort evaluatio NSIWG, Appendix 2. The Vascular events In noncardiac Surgery patIents cOhort evaluatio NOC, Vascular events In noncardiac Surgery patIents cOhort evaluatio NVSI . Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: a large, international, prospective cohort study establishing diagnostic criteria, characteristics, predictors, and 30‐day outcomes. Anesthesiology 2014; 120: 564–78.
    1. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof E, Fleischmann KE, Freeman WK, Froehlich JB, Kasper EK, Kersten JR, Riegel B, Robb JF, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice G, American Society of E, American Society of Nuclear C, Heart Rhythm S, Society of Cardiovascular A, Society for Cardiovascular A, Interventions, Society for Vascular M, Biology, Society for Vascular S . ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation 2007; 116: e418–99.
    1. Morris CK, Ueshima K, Kawaguchi T, Hideg A, Froelicher VF. The prognostic value of exercise capacity: a review of the literature. Am Heart J 1991; 122: 1423–31.
    1. Guyatt GH, Sullivan MJ, Thompson PJ, Fallen EL, Pugsley SO, Taylor DW, Berman LB. The 6‐minute walk: a new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Can Med Assoc J 1985; 132: 919–23.
    1. Moriello C, Mayo NE, Feldman L, Carli F. Validating the six‐minute walk test as a measure of recovery after elective colon resection surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 89: 1083–9.
    1. Older P, Hall A, Hader R. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a screening test for perioperative management of major surgery in the elderly. Chest 1999; 116: 355–62.
    1. Older P, Smith R, Hall A, French C. Preoperative cardiopulmonary risk assessment by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Crit Care Resusc 2000; 2: 198–208.
    1. Snowden CP, Prentis JM, Anderson HL, Roberts DR, Randles D, Renton M, Manas DM. Submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing predicts complications and hospital length of stay in patients undergoing major elective surgery. Ann Surg 2010; 251: 535–41.
    1. Ausania F, Snowden CP, Prentis JM, Holmes LR, Jaques BC, White SA, French JJ, Manas DM, Charnley RM. Effects of low cardiopulmonary reserve on pancreatic leak following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 1290–4.
    1. Chandrabalan VV, McMillan DC, Carter R, Kinsella J, McKay CJ, Carter CR, Dickson EJ. Pre‐operative cardiopulmonary exercise testing predicts adverse post‐operative events and non‐progression to adjuvant therapy after major pancreatic surgery. HPB (Oxford) 2013; 15: 899–907.
    1. Junejo MA, Mason JM, Sheen AJ, Moore J, Foster P, Atkinson D, Parker MJ, Siriwardena AK. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for preoperative risk assessment before hepatic resection. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 1097–104.
    1. Hartley RA, Pichel AC, Grant SW, Hickey GL, Lancaster PS, Wisely NA, McCollum CN, Atkinson D. Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing and risk of early mortality following abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 1539–46.
    1. Nagamatsu Y, Shima I, Yamana H, Fujita H, Shirouzu K, Ishitake T. Preoperative evaluation of cardiopulmonary reserve with the use of expired gas analysis during exercise testing in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 121: 1064–8.
    1. Kheterpal S, Tremper KK, Heung M, Rosenberg AL, Englesbe M, Shanks AM, Campbell DA Jr. Development and validation of an acute kidney injury risk index for patients undergoing general surgery: results from a national data set. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 505–15.
    1. Tonnesen H, Kehlet H. Preoperative alcoholism and postoperative morbidity. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 869–74.
    1. Tonnesen H, Rosenberg J, Nielsen HJ, Rasmussen V, Hauge C, Pedersen IK, Kehlet H. Effect of preoperative abstinence on poor postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1999; 318: 1311–6.
    1. Sorensen LT, Karlsmark T, Gottrup F. Abstinence from smoking reduces incisional wound infection: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 1–5.
    1. Thomsen T, Tonnesen H, Moller AM. Effect of preoperative smoking cessation interventions on postoperative complications and smoking cessation. Br J Surg 2009; 96: 451–61.
    1. Thomsen T, Villebro N, Moller AM. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 3: CD002294.
    1. Wong J, Abrishami A, Yang Y, Zaki A, Friedman Z, Selby P, Chapman KR, Chung F. A perioperative smoking cessation intervention with varenicline: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2012; 117: 755–64.
    1. Myles PS, Leslie K, Angliss M, Mezzavia P, Lee L. Effectiveness of bupropion as an aid to stopping smoking before elective surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 1053–8.
    1. Hughes JR, Stead LF, Hartmann‐Boyce J, Cahill K, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 1: CD000031.
    1. Leichtle SW, Mouawad NJ, Lampman R, Singal B, Cleary RK. Does preoperative anemia adversely affect colon and rectal surgery outcomes? J Am Coll Surg 2011; 212: 187–94.
    1. Musallam KM, Tamim HM, Richards T, Spahn DR, Rosendaal FR, Habbal A, Khreiss M, Dahdaleh FS, Khavandi K, Sfeir PM, Soweid A, Hoballah JJ, Taher AT, Jamali FR. Preoperative anaemia and postoperative outcomes in non‐cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2011; 378: 1396–407.
    1. Goodnough LT, Shander A. Patient blood management. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 1367–76.
    1. Hare GM, Baker JE, Pavenski K. Assessment and treatment of preoperative anemia: Continuing Professional Development. Can J Anaesth 2011; 58: 569–81.
    1. Bernard AC, Davenport DL, Chang PK, Vaughan TB, Zwischenberger JB. Intraoperative transfusion of 1 U to 2 U packed red blood cells is associated with increased 30‐day mortality, surgical‐site infection, pneumonia, and sepsis in general surgery patients. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208: 931–7, 37 e1‐2; discussion 38‐9.
    1. Halabi WJ, Kang CY, Nguyen VQ, Carmichael JC, Mills S, Stamos MJ, Pigazzi A. Epidural analgesia in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a nationwide analysis of use and outcomes. JAMA Surg 2014; 149: 130–6.
    1. Refaai MA, Blumberg N. The transfusion dilemma–weighing the known and newly proposed risks of blood transfusions against the uncertain benefits. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2013; 27: 17–35.
    1. Hare GM, Freedman J, David Mazer C. Review article: risks of anemia and related management strategies: can perioperative blood management improve patient safety? Can J Anaesth 2013; 60: 168–75.
    1. Shander A, Javidroozi M, Ozawa S, Hare GM. What is really dangerous: anaemia or transfusion? Br J Anaesth 2011; 107(Suppl 1): i41–59.
    1. Qaseem A, Snow V, Fitterman N, Hornbake ER, Lawrence VA, Smetana GW, Weiss K, Owens DK, Aronson M, Barry P, Casey DE Jr, Cross JT Jr, Fitterman N, Sherif KD, Weiss KB, Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of P . Risk assessment for and strategies to reduce perioperative pulmonary complications for patients undergoing noncardiothoracic surgery: a guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 575–80.
    1. Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, Einhorn D, Hellman R, Hirsch IB, Inzucchi SE, Ismail‐Beigi F, Kirkman MS, Umpierrez GE. American Association of Clinical E, American Diabetes A. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1119–31.
    1. Lawson CM, Daley BJ, Sams VG, Martindale R, Kudsk KA, Miller KR. Factors that impact patient outcome: nutrition assessment. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: 30S–8S.
    1. McClave SA, Kozar R, Martindale RG, Heyland DK, Braga M, Carli F, Drover JW, Flum D, Gramlich L, Herndon DN, Ko C, Kudsk KA, Lawson CM, Miller KR, Taylor B, Wischmeyer PE. Summary points and consensus recommendations from the North American Surgical Nutrition Summit. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: 99S–105S.
    1. Miller KR, Wischmeyer PE, Taylor B, McClave SA. An evidence‐based approach to perioperative nutrition support in the elective surgery patient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: 39S–50S.
    1. Chow WB, Rosenthal RA, Merkow RP, Ko CY, Esnaola NF, American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement P, American Geriatrics S . Optimal preoperative assessment of the geriatric surgical patient: a best practices guideline from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg 2012; 215: 453–66.
    1. Thompson T, Keogh E, French CC, Davis R. Anxiety sensitivity and pain: generalisability across noxious stimuli. Pain 2008; 134: 187–96.
    1. Ip HY, Abrishami A, Peng PW, Wong J, Chung F. Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 657–77.
    1. Walker KJ, Smith AF. Premedication for anxiety in adult day surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 9: CD002192.
    1. Lepouse C, Lautner CA, Liu L, Gomis P, Leon A. Emergence delirium in adults in the post‐anaesthesia care unit. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96: 747–53.
    1. Maltby JR. Fasting from midnight–the history behind the dogma. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2006; 20: 363–78.
    1. Holte K, Nielsen KG, Madsen JL, Kehlet H. Physiologic effects of bowel preparation. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47: 1397–402.
    1. Bundgaard‐Nielsen M, Jorgensen CC, Secher NH, Kehlet H. Functional intravascular volume deficit in patients before surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 464–9.
    1. Muller L, Briere M, Bastide S, Roger C, Zoric L, Seni G, de La Coussaye JE, Ripart J, Lefrant JY. Preoperative fasting does not affect haemodynamic status: a prospective, non‐inferiority, echocardio‐graphy study. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: 835–41.
    1. Brady M, Kinn S, Ness V, O'Rourke K, Randhawa N, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for preventing perioperative complications in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD005285.
    1. Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 4: CD004423.
    1. Lobo DN, Hendry PO, Rodrigues G, Marciani L, Totman JJ, Wright JW, Preston T, Gowland P, Spiller RC, Fearon KC. Gastric emptying of three liquid oral preoperative metabolic preconditioning regimens measured by magnetic resonance imaging in healthy adult volunteers: a randomised double‐blind, crossover study. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 636–41.
    1. Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, Smith A, O'Sullivan G, Soreide E, Spies C, in't Veld B, European Society of Anaesthesiology . Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011; 28: 556–69.
    1. American Society of Anesthesiologists C . Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology 2011; 114: 495–511.
    1. Ljungqvist O. Modulating postoperative insulin resistance by preoperative carbohydrate loading. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009; 23: 401–9.
    1. Awad S, Varadhan KK, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN. A meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials on preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in elective surgery. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 34–44.
    1. Smith MD, McCall J, Plank L, Herbison GP, Soop M, Nygren J. Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enhancing recovery after elective surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 8: CD009161.
    1. Jackson SJ, Leahy FE, McGowan AA, Bluck LJ, Coward WA, Jebb SA. Delayed gastric emptying in the obese: an assessment using the non‐invasive (13)C‐octanoic acid breath test. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004; 6: 264–70.
    1. Harter RL, Kelly WB, Kramer MG, Perez CE, Dzwonczyk RR. A comparison of the volume and pH of gastric contents of obese and lean surgical patients. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 147–52.
    1. Maltby JR, Pytka S, Watson NC, Cowan RA, Fick GH. Drinking 300 mL of clear fluid two hours before surgery has no effect on gastric fluid volume and pH in fasting and non‐fasting obese patients. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51: 111–5.
    1. Breuer JP, von Dossow V, von Heymann C, Griesbach M, von Schickfus M, Mackh E, Hacker C, Elgeti U, Konertz W, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Preoperative oral carbohydrate administration to ASA III‐IV patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 2006; 103: 1099–108.
    1. Gustafsson UO, Nygren J, Thorell A, Soop M, Hellstrom PM, Ljungqvist O, Hagstrom‐Toft E. Pre‐operative carbohydrate loading may be used in type 2 diabetes patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008; 52: 946–51.
    1. Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Habib AS, Hooper VD, Kovac AL, Kranke P, Myles P, Philip BK, Samsa G, Sessler DI, Temo J, Tramer MR, Vander Kolk C, Watcha M. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 1615–28.
    1. Gan TJ. Postoperative nausea and vomiting–can it be eliminated? JAMA 2002; 287: 1233–6.
    1. Gan TJ. Risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2006; 102: 1884–98.
    1. Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, Kerger H, Turan A, Vedder I, Zernak C, Danner K, Jokela R, Pocock SJ, Trenkler S, Kredel M, Biedler A, Sessler DI, Roewer N, Investigators I. A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2441–51.
    1. Myles PS, Leslie K, Chan MT, Forbes A, Peyton PJ, Paech MJ, Beattie WS, Sessler DI, Devereaux PJ, Silbert B, Schricker T, Wallace S, the ATGftE‐IIi . The safety of addition of nitrous oxide to general anaesthesia in at‐risk patients having major non‐cardiac surgery (ENIGMA‐II): a randomised, single‐blind trial. Lancet 2014; 384: 1446–54.
    1. Holte K, Klarskov B, Christensen DS, Lund C, Nielsen KG, Bie P, Kehlet H. Liberal versus restrictive fluid administration to improve recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, double‐blind study. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 892–9.
    1. Gan TJ, Soppitt A, Maroof M, el‐Moalem H, Robertson KM, Moretti E, Dwane P, Glass PS. Goal‐directed intraoperative fluid administration reduces length of hospital stay after major surgery. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 820–6.
    1. Hovaguimian F, Lysakowski C, Elia N, Tramer MR. Effect of intraoperative high inspired oxygen fraction on surgical site infection, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pulmonary function: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology 2013; 119: 303–16.
    1. Carlisle JB, Stevenson CA. Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD004125.
    1. Gan TJ, Apfel CC, Kovac A, Philip BK, Singla N, Minkowitz H, Habib AS, Knighton J, Carides AD, Zhang H, Horgan KJ, Evans JK, Lawson FC. A randomized, double‐blind comparison of the NK1 antagonist, aprepitant, versus ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 1082–9, tables of contents.
    1. Le TP, Gan TJ. Update on the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting and postdischarge nausea and vomiting in ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiol Clin 2010; 28: 225–49.
    1. Kovac AL, O'Connor TA, Pearman MH, Kekoler LJ, Edmondson D, Baughman VL, Angel JJ, Campbell C, Jense HG, Mingus M, Shahvari MB, Creed MR. Efficacy of repeat intravenous dosing of ondansetron in controlling postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled multicenter trial. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11: 453–9.
    1. Gan TJ, Diemunsch P, Habib AS, Kovac A, Kranke P, Meyer TA, Watcha M, Chung F, Angus S, Apfel CC, Bergese SD, Candiotti KA, Chan MT, Davis PJ, Hooper VD, Lagoo‐Deenadayalan S, Myles P, Nezat G, Philip BK, Tramer MR. Society for Ambulatory A. Consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2014; 118: 85–113.
    1. Gelb AW, Leslie K, Stanski D, Shafer S. Monitoring the Depth of Anesthesia, Miller Anesthesia, 7th edn Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2010.
    1. Avidan MS, Jacobsohn E, Glick D, Burnside BA, Zhang L, Villafranca A, Karl L, Kamal S, Torres B, O'Connor M, Evers AS, Gradwohl S, Lin N, Palanca BJ, Mashour GA. Group B‐RR. Prevention of intraoperative awareness in a high‐risk surgical population. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 591–600.
    1. Avidan MS, Zhang L, Burnside BA, Finkel KJ, Searleman AC, Selvidge JA, Saager L, Turner MS, Rao S, Bottros M, Hantler C, Jacobsohn E, Evers AS. Anesthesia awareness and the bispectral index. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1097–108.
    1. Bowdle TA. Depth of anesthesia monitoring. Anesthesiol Clin 2006; 24: 793–822.
    1. Boztug N, Bigat Z, Akyuz M, Demir S, Ertok E. Does using the bispectral index (BIS) during craniotomy affect the quality of recovery? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2006; 18: 1–4.
    1. Johansen JW. Update on bispectral index monitoring. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2006; 20: 81–99.
    1. Kakinohana M, Nakamura S, Miyata Y, Sugahara K. Emergence from propofol anesthesia in a nonagenarian at a Bispectral Index of 52. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 169–70.
    1. Messner M, Beese U, Romstock J, Dinkel M, Tschaikowsky K. The bispectral index declines during neuromuscular block in fully awake persons. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 488–91.
    1. Morimoto Y, Nogami Y, Harada K, Tsubokawa T, Masui K. Awareness during anesthesia: the results of a questionnaire survey in Japan. J Anesth 2011; 25: 72–7.
    1. Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, Forbes A, Chan MT. Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: the B‐Aware randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 1757–63.
    1. Zhang C, Xu L, Ma YQ, Sun YX, Li YH, Zhang L, Feng CS, Luo B, Zhao ZL, Guo JR, Jin YJ, Wu G, Yuan W, Yuan ZG, Yue Y. Bispectral index monitoring prevent awareness during total intravenous anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, multi‐center controlled trial. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124: 3664–9.
    1. Ekman A, Lindholm ML, Lennmarken C, Sandin R. Reduction in the incidence of awareness using BIS monitoring. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48: 20–6.
    1. Liao WW, Wang JJ, Wu GJ, Kuo CD. The effect of cerebral monitoring on recovery after sevoflurane anesthesia in ambulatory setting in children: a comparison among bispectral index, A‐line autoregressive index, and standard practice. J Chin Med Assoc 2011; 74: 28–36.
    1. Punjasawadwong Y, Phongchiewboon A, Bunchungmongkol N. Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 6: CD003843.
    1. Chan MT, Cheng BC, Lee TM, Gin T. BIS‐guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2013; 25: 33–42.
    1. Hopkins PM. Nitrous oxide: a unique drug of continuing importance for anaesthesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2005; 19: 381–9.
    1. Tramer M, Moore A, McQuay H. Omitting nitrous oxide in general anaesthesia: meta‐analysis of intraoperative awareness and postoperative emesis in randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth 1996; 76: 186–93.
    1. Myles PS, Leslie K, Chan MT, Forbes A, Paech MJ, Peyton P, Silbert BS, Pascoe E, Group ET . Avoidance of nitrous oxide for patients undergoing major surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2007; 107: 221–31.
    1. Monk TG, Saini V, Weldon BC, Sigl JC. Anesthetic management and one‐year mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 4–10.
    1. Ash SA, Buggy DJ. Does regional anaesthesia and analgesia or opioid analgesia influence recurrence after primary cancer surgery? An update of available evidence. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2013; 27: 441–56.
    1. Fawcett WJ, Mythen MG, Scott MJ. Enhanced recovery: more than just reducing length of stay? Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 671–4.
    1. Martini CH, Boon M, Bevers RF, Aarts LP, Dahan A. Evaluation of surgical conditions during laparoscopic surgery in patients with moderate vs deep neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: 498–505.
    1. Madsen MV, Staehr‐Rye AK, Gatke MR, Claudius C. Neuromuscular blockade for optimising surgical conditions during abdominal and gynaecological surgery: a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2015; 59: 1–16.
    1. Kopman AF, Naguib M. Laparoscopic surgery and muscle relaxants: is deep block helpful? Anesth Analg 2015; 120: 51–8.
    1. King M, Sujirattanawimol N, Danielson DR, Hall BA, Schroeder DR, Warner DO. Requirements for muscle relaxants during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 1392–7.
    1. Brull SJ, Murphy GS. Residual neuromuscular block: lessons unlearned. Part II: methods to reduce the risk of residual weakness. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 129–40.
    1. Heier T, Caldwell JE. Impact of hypothermia on the response to neuromuscular blocking drugs. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 1070–80.
    1. Murphy GS, Brull SJ. Residual neuromuscular block: lessons unlearned. Part I: definitions, incidence, and adverse physiologic effects of residual neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 120–8.
    1. Butterly A, Bittner EA, George E, Sandberg WS, Eikermann M, Schmidt U. Postoperative residual curarization from intermediate‐acting neuromuscular blocking agents delays recovery room discharge. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105: 304–9.
    1. Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Franklin M, Marymont JH, Avram MJ, Vender JS. Postanesthesia care unit recovery times and neuromuscular blocking drugs: a prospective study of orthopedic surgical patients randomized to receive pancuronium or rocuronium. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 193–200.
    1. Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, Greenberg SB, Avram MJ, Vender JS, Nisman M. Intraoperative acceleromyographic monitoring reduces the risk of residual neuromuscular blockade and adverse respiratory events in the postanesthesia care unit. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 389–98.
    1. Fink H, Hollmann MW. Myths and facts in neuromuscular pharmacology. New developments in reversing neuromuscular blockade. Minerva Anestesiol 2012; 78: 473–82.
    1. Kotake Y, Ochiai R, Suzuki T, Ogawa S, Takagi S, Ozaki M, Nakatsuka I, Takeda J. Reversal with sugammadex in the absence of monitoring did not preclude residual neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 345–51.
    1. Claudius C, Viby‐Mogensen J. Acceleromyography for use in scientific and clinical practice: a systematic review of the evidence. Anesthesiology 2008; 108: 1117–40.
    1. Debaene B, Plaud B, Dilly MP, Donati F. Residual paralysis in the PACU after a single intubating dose of nondepolarizing muscle relaxant with an intermediate duration of action. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 1042–8.
    1. Abrishami A, Ho J, Wong J, Yin L, Chung F. Sugammadex, a selective reversal medication for preventing postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD007362.
    1. Meyhoff CS, Wetterslev J, Jorgensen LN, Henneberg SW, Hogdall C, Lundvall L, Svendsen PE, Mollerup H, Lunn TH, Simonsen I, Martinsen KR, Pulawska T, Bundgaard L, Bugge L, Hansen EG, Riber C, Gocht‐Jensen P, Walker LR, Bendtsen A, Johansson G, Skovgaard N, Helto K, Poukinski A, Korshin A, Walli A, Bulut M, Carlsson PS, Rodt SA, Lundbech LB, Rask H, Buch N, Perdawid SK, Reza J, Jensen KV, Carlsen CG, Jensen FS, Rasmussen LS. Effect of high perioperative oxygen fraction on surgical site infection and pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery: the PROXI randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2009; 302: 1543–50.
    1. Togioka B, Galvagno S, Sumida S, Murphy J, Ouanes JP, Wu C. The role of perioperative high inspired oxygen therapy in reducing surgical site infection: a meta‐analysis. Anesth Analg 2012; 114: 334–42.
    1. Meyhoff CS, Jorgensen LN, Wetterslev J, Christensen KB, Rasmussen LS. Increased long‐term mortality after a high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction during abdominal surgery: follow‐up of a randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg 2012; 115: 849–54.
    1. Kilgannon JH, Jones AE, Parrillo JE, Dellinger RP, Milcarek B, Hunter K, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S. Relationship between supranormal oxygen tension and outcome after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Circulation 2011; 123: 2717–22.
    1. Pilcher J, Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, Bellomo R, Young P, Beasley R. The effect of hyperoxia following cardiac arrest ‐ A systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal trials. Resuscitation 2012; 83: 417–22.
    1. Edmark L, Kostova‐Aherdan K, Enlund M, Hedenstierna G. Optimal oxygen concentration during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 28–33.
    1. Staehr AK, Meyhoff CS, Rasmussen LS. Inspiratory oxygen fraction and postoperative complications in obese patients: a subgroup analysis of the PROXI trial. Anesthesiology 2011; 114: 1313–9.
    1. The Management of Inadvertent Perioperative Hypothermia in Adults. London: Royal College of Nursing (UK), 2008.
    1. Moola S, Lockwood C. Effectiveness of strategies for the management and/or prevention of hypothermia within the adult perioperative environment. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2011; 9: 337–45.
    1. Stewart BT, Stitz RW, Tuch MM, Lumley JW. Hypothermia in open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2011; 42: 1292–5.
    1. Fernandes LA, Braz LG, Koga FA, Kakuda CM, Modolo NS, de Carvalho LR, Vianna PT, Braz JR. Comparison of peri‐operative core temperature in obese and non‐obese patients. Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 1364–9.
    1. Sessler DI. Temperature monitoring and perioperative thermoregulation. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 318–38.
    1. Esnaola NF, Cole DJ. Perioperative normothermia during major surgery: is it important? Adv Surg 2011; 45: 249–63.
    1. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical‐wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1209–15.
    1. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Breslow MJ, Higgins MS, Olson KF, Kelly S, Beattie C. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1997; 277: 1127–34.
    1. Rajagopalan S, Mascha E, Na J, Sessler DI. The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement. Anesthesiology 2008; 108: 71–7.
    1. Lenhardt R, Marker E, Goll V, Tschernich H, Kurz A, Sessler DI, Narzt E, Lackner F. Mild intraoperative hypothermia prolongs postanesthetic recovery. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: 1318–23.
    1. Moslemi‐Kebria M, El‐Nashar SA, Aletti GD, Cliby WA. Intraoperative hypothermia during cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer and perioperative morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 119: 590–6.
    1. Abraham NS, Byrne CM, Young JM, Solomon MJ. Meta‐analysis of non‐randomized comparative studies of the short‐term outcomes of laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer. ANZ J Surg 2007; 77: 508–16.
    1. Kuhry E, Schwenk W, Gaupset R, Romild U, Bonjer J. Long‐term outcome of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer: a cochrane systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 34: 498–504.
    1. Brown SR, Goodfellow PB. Transverse verses midline incisions for abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 4: CD005199.
    1. Trastulli S, Farinella E, Cirocchi R, Cavaliere D, Avenia N, Sciannameo F, Gulla N, Noya G, Boselli C. Robotic resection compared with laparoscopic rectal resection for cancer: systematic review and meta‐analysis of short‐term outcome. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14: e134–56.
    1. Champagne BJ, Papaconstantinou HT, Parmar SS, Nagle DA, Young‐Fadok TM, Lee EC, Delaney CP. Single‐incision versus standard multiport laparoscopic colectomy: a multicenter, case‐controlled comparison. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 66–9.
    1. Alba Mesa F, Amaya Cortijo A, Romero Fernandez JM, Komorowski AL, Sanchez Hurtado MA, Fernandez Ortega E, Sanchez Margallo FM. Transvaginal sigmoid cancer resection: first case with 12 months of follow‐up–technique description. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Techn A 2012; 22: 587–90.
    1. Cheung TP, Cheung HY, Ng LW, Chung CC, Li MK. Hybrid NOTES colectomy for right‐sided colonic tumors. Asian Journal Endosc Surg 2012; 5: 46–9.
    1. Nelson R, Edwards S, Tse B. Prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 3: CD004929.
    1. Rao W, Zhang X, Zhang J, Yan R, Hu Z, Wang Q. The role of nasogastric tube in decompression after elective colon and rectum surgery: a meta‐analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26: 423–9.
    1. Cheatham ML, Chapman WC, Key SP, Sawyers JL. A meta‐analysis of selective versus routine nasogastric decompression after elective laparotomy. Ann Surg 1995; 221: 469–76; discussion 76‐8.
    1. Yardley IE, Donaldson LJ. Patient safety matters: reducing the risks of nasogastric tubes. Clin Med 2010; 10: 228–30.
    1. Ronen O, Uri N. A case of nasogastric tube perforation of the nasopharynx causing a fatal mediastinal complication. Ear Nose Throat J 2009; 88: E17–8.
    1. Johnson MD, Walsh RM. Current therapies to shorten postoperative ileus. Cleve Clin J Med 2009; 76: 641–8.
    1. Manning BJ, Winter DC, McGreal G, Kirwan WO, Redmond HP. Nasogastric intubation causes gastroesophageal reflux in patients undergoing elective laparotomy. Surgery 2001; 130: 788–91.
    1. Lassen K, Kjaeve J, Fetveit T, Trano G, Sigurdsson HK, Horn A, Revhaug A. Allowing normal food at will after major upper gastrointestinal surgery does not increase morbidity: a randomized multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2008; 247: 721–9.
    1. Balzano G, Zerbi A, Braga M, Rocchetti S, Beneduce AA, Di Carlo V. Fast‐track recovery programme after pancreatico‐ duodenectomy reduces delayed gastric emptying. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1387–93.
    1. Berberat PO, Ingold H, Gulbinas A, Kleeff J, Muller MW, Gutt C, Weigand M, Friess H, Buchler MW. Fast track–different implications in pancreatic surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11: 880–7.
    1. Schricker T, Lattermann R, Schreiber M, Geisser W, Georgieff M, Radermacher P. The hyperglycemic response to surgery: pathophysiology, clinical implications and modification by the anaesthetic technique. Clinical Intensive Care 1998; 9: 118–28.
    1. Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, You X, Thaler LM, Kitabchi AE. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in‐hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 978–82.
    1. Ata A, Lee J, Bestle SL, Desemone J, Stain SC. Postoperative hyperglycemia and surgical site infection in general surgery patients. Arch Surg 2010; 145: 858–64.
    1. Eshuis WJ, Hermanides J, van Dalen JW, van Samkar G, Busch OR, van Gulik TM, DeVries JH, Hoekstra JB, Gouma DJ. Early postoperative hyperglycemia is associated with postoperative complications after pancreatoduodenectomy. Ann Surg 2011; 253: 739–44.
    1. Sato H, Carvalho G, Sato T, Lattermann R, Matsukawa T, Schricker T. The association of preoperative glycemic control, intraoperative insulin sensitivity, and outcomes after cardiac surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 4338–44.
    1. Halkos ME, Puskas JD, Lattouf OM, Kilgo P, Kerendi F, Song HK, Guyton RA, Thourani VH. Elevated preoperative hemoglobin A1c level is predictive of adverse events after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 136: 631–40.
    1. Gustafsson UO, Thorell A, Soop M, Ljungqvist O, Nygren J. Haemoglobin A1c as a predictor of postoperative hyperglycaemia and complications after major colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2009; 96: 1358–64.
    1. O'Sullivan CJ, Hynes N, Mahendran B, Andrews EJ, Avalos G, Tawfik S, Lowery A, Sultan S. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) in non‐diabetic and diabetic vascular patients. Is HbA1C an independent risk factor and predictor of adverse outcome? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 32: 188–97.
    1. Kao LS, Meeks D, Moyer VA, Lally KP. Peri‐operative glycaemic control regimens for preventing surgical site infections in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; July 8;(3): CD006806.
    1. Ryden L, Standl E, Bartnik M, Van den Berghe G, Betteridge J, deBoer MJ , Cosentino F, Jonsson B, Laakso M, Malmberg K, Priori S, Ostergren J, Tuomilehto J, Thrainsdottir I, Vanhorebeek I, Stramba‐Badiale M, Lindgren P, Qiao Q, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm J, Dean V, Deckers J, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo J, Zamorano JL, Deckers JW, Bertrand M, Charbonnel B, Erdmann E, Ferrannini E, Flyvbjerg A, Gohlke H, Juanatey JR, Graham I, Monteiro PF, Parhofer K, Pyorala K, Raz I, Schernthaner G, Volpe M, Wood D. Guidelines on diabetes, pre‐diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 88–136.
    1. Lazar HL, McDonnell M, Chipkin SR, Furnary AP, Engelman RM, Sadhu AR, Bridges CR, Haan CK, Svedjeholm R, Taegtmeyer H, Shemin RJ. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons practice guideline series: Blood glucose management during adult cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 663–9.
    1. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R, Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric S . Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 165–228.
    1. Ljungqvist O, Jonathan E. Rhoads lecture 2011: Insulin resistance and enhanced recovery after surgery. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 36: 389–98.
    1. Cao F, Li J, Li F. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: updated systematic review and meta‐analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27: 803–10.
    1. Guenaga KF, Matos D, Wille‐Jorgensen P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; CD001544. doi: .
    1. Sanders G, Mercer SJ, Saeb‐Parsey K, Akhavani MA, Hosie KB, Lambert AW. Randomized clinical trial of intravenous fluid replacement during bowel preparation for surgery. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 1363–5.
    1. Holte K. Pathophysiology and clinical implications of peroperative fluid management in elective surgery. Dan Med Bull 2010; 57: B4156.
    1. Brandstrup B, Svendsen PE, Rasmussen M, Belhage B, Rodt SA, Hansen B, Moller DR, Lundbech LB, Andersen N, Berg V, Thomassen N, Andersen ST, Simonsen L. Which goal for fluid therapy during colorectal surgery is followed by the best outcome: near‐maximal stroke volume or zero fluid balance? Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 191–9.
    1. Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier‐Holgersen R, Hjortso E, Ording H, Lindorff‐Larsen K, Rasmussen MS, Lanng C, Wallin L, Iversen LH, Gramkow CS, Okholm M, Blemmer T, Svendsen PE, Rottensten HH, Thage B, Riis J, Jeppesen IS, Teilum D, Christensen AM, Graungaard B, Pott F, Danish Study Group on Perioperative Fluid T . Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor‐blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 641–8.
    1. Holte K, Foss NB, Andersen J, Valentiner L, Lund C, Bie P, Kehlet H. Liberal or restrictive fluid administration in fast‐track colonic surgery: a randomized, double‐blind study. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 500–8.
    1. Nisanevich V, Felsenstein I, Almogy G, Weissman C, Einav S, Matot I. Effect of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intraabdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 25–32.
    1. Chowdhury AH, Lobo DN. Fluids and gastrointestinal function. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14: 469–76.
    1. Lobo DN, Bostock KA, Neal KR, Perkins AC, Rowlands BJ, Allison SP. Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1812–8.
    1. Gustafsson UO, Hausel J, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O, Soop M, Nygren J. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Study G. Adherence to the enhanced recovery after surgery protocol and outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery. Arch Surg 2011; 146: 571–7.
    1. Powell‐Tuck J, Gosling P, Lobo DN, Allison SP, Carlson GL, Gore M, Lewington AJ, Pearse RM, Mythen MG. British Consensus Guidelines on Intravenous Fluid Therapy for Adult Surgical Patients (GIFTASUP). London: NHS National Library of Health, 2009.
    1. Lobo DN, Awad S. Should chloride‐rich crystalloids remain the mainstay of fluid resuscitation to prevent'pre‐renal' acute kidney injury?: con. Kidney Int 2014; 86: 1096–105.
    1. McCluskey SA, Karkouti K, Wijeysundera D, Minkovich L, Tait G, Beattie WS. Hyperchloremia after noncardiac surgery is independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality: a propensity‐matched cohort study. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 412–21.
    1. Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, Story D, Ho L, Bailey M. Association between a chloride‐liberal vs chloride‐restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 2012; 308: 1566–72.
    1. Shaw AD, Bagshaw SM, Goldstein SL, Scherer LA, Duan M, Schermer CR, Kellum JA. Major complications, mortality, and resource utilization after open abdominal surgery: 0.9% saline compared to Plasma‐Lyte. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 821–9.
    1. Feldheiser A, Conroy P, Bonomo T, Cox B, Garces TR, Spies C, Anaesthesia Working Group of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery S, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery S . Development and feasibility study of an algorithm for intraoperative goaldirected haemodynamic management in noncardiac surgery. J Int Med Res 2012; 40: 1227–41.
    1. Conway DH, Mayall R, Abdul‐Latif MS, Gilligan S, Tackaberry C. Randomised controlled trial investigating the influence of intravenous fluid titration using oesophageal Doppler monitoring during bowel surgery. Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 845–9.
    1. Noblett SE, Snowden CP, Shenton BK, Horgan AF. Randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of Doppler‐optimized fluid management on outcome after elective colorectal resection. Br J Surg 2006; 93: 1069–76.
    1. Wakeling HG, McFall MR, Jenkins CS, Woods WG, Miles WF, Barclay GR, Fleming SC. Intraoperative oesophageal Doppler guided fluid management shortens postoperative hospital stay after major bowel surgery. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 634–42.
    1. Kuper M, Gold SJ, Callow C, Quraishi T, King S, Mulreany A, Bianchi M, Conway DH. Intraoperative fluid management guided by oesophageal Doppler monitoring. BMJ 2011; 342: d3016.
    1. Benes J, Chytra I, Altmann P, Hluchy M, Kasal E, Svitak R, Pradl R, Stepan M. Intraoperative fluid optimization using stroke volume variation in high risk surgical patients: results of prospective randomized study. Crit Care 2010; 14: R118.
    1. Benes J, Giglio M, Brienza N, Michard F. The effects of goal‐directed fluid therapy based on dynamic parameters on post‐surgical outcome: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 2014; 18: 584.
    1. Pearse R, Dawson D, Fawcett J, Rhodes A, Grounds RM, Bennett ED. Early goal‐directed therapy after major surgery reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. A randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN38797445]. Crit Care 2005; 9: R687–93.
    1. Grocott MP, Dushianthan A, Hamilton MA, Mythen MG, Harrison D, Rowan K. Optimisation Systematic Review Steering G. Perioperative increase in global blood flow to explicit defined goals and outcomes after surgery: a Cochrane Systematic Review. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111: 535–48.
    1. Srinivasa S, Taylor MH, Singh PP, Yu TC, Soop M, Hill AG. Randomized clinical trial of goal‐directed fluid therapy within an enhanced recovery protocol for elective colectomy. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 66–74.
    1. Miller TE, Roche AM, Mythen M. Fluid management and goal‐directed therapy as an adjunct to Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS). Can J Anaesth 2015; 62: 158–68.
    1. Hamilton MA, Cecconi M, Rhodes A. A systematic review and meta‐analysis on the use of preemptive hemodynamic intervention to improve postoperative outcomes in moderate and high‐risk surgical patients. Anesth Analg 2011; 112: 1392–402.
    1. Pearse RM, Harrison DA, MacDonald N, Gillies MA, Blunt M, Ackland G, Grocott MP, Ahern A, Griggs K, Scott R, Hinds C, Rowan K, Group OS . Effect of a perioperative, cardiac output‐guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm on outcomes following major gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial and systematic review. JAMA 2014; 311: 2181–90.
    1. Mythen MG, Swart M, Acheson N, Crawford R, Jones K, Kuper M, McGrath JS, Horgan A. Perioperative fluid management: Consensus statement from the enhanced recovery partnership. Perioper Med (Lond) 2012; 1: 2.
    1. Feldheiser A, Pavlova V, Bonomo T, Jones A, Fotopoulou C, Sehouli J, Wernecke KD, Spies C. Balanced crystalloid compared with balanced colloid solution using a goal‐directed haemodynamic algorithm. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: 231–40.
    1. Verheij J, van Lingen A, Beishuizen A, Christiaans HM, de Jong JR, Girbes AR, Wisselink W, Rauwerda JA, Huybregts MA, Groeneveld AB. Cardiac response is greater for colloid than saline fluid loading after cardiac or vascular surgery. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 1030–8.
    1. Lobo DN, Stanga Z, Aloysius MM, Wicks C, Nunes QM, Ingram KL, Risch L, Allison SP. Effect of volume loading with 1 liter intravenous infusions of 0.9% saline, 4% succinylated gelatine (Gelofusine) and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven) on blood volume and endocrine responses: a randomized, three‐way crossover study in healthy volunteers. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 464–70.
    1. Moretti EW, Robertson KM, El‐Moalem H, Gan TJ. Intraoperative colloid administration reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting and improves postoperative outcomes compared with crystalloid administration. Anesth Analgesia 2003; 96: 611–7.
    1. Yates DR, Davies SJ, Milner HE, Wilson RJ. Crystalloid or colloid for goal‐directed fluid therapy in colorectal surgery. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: 281–9.
    1. Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, Billot L, Cass A, Gattas D, Glass P, Lipman J, Liu B, McArthur C, McGuinness S, Rajbhandari D, Taylor CB, Webb SA, Investigators C. Australian, New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials G. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1901–11.
    1. Perner A, Haase N, Guttormsen AB, Tenhunen J, Klemenzson G, Aneman A, Madsen KR, Moller MH, Elkjaer JM, Poulsen LM, Bendtsen A, Winding R, Steensen M, Berezowicz P, Soe‐Jensen P, Bestle M, Strand K, Wiis J, White JO, Thornberg KJ, Quist L, Nielsen J, Andersen LH, Holst LB, Thormar K, Kjaeldgaard AL, Fabritius ML, Mondrup F, Pott FC, Moller TP, Winkel P, Wetterslev J, Group ST , Scandinavian Critical Care Trials G . Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 124–34.
    1. Gillies MA, Habicher M, Jhanji S, Sander M, Mythen M, Hamilton M, Pearse RM. Incidence of postoperative death and acute kidney injury associated with i.v. 6% hydroxyethyl starch use: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: 25–34.
    1. Kashy BK, Podolyak A, Makarova N, Dalton JE, Sessler DI, Kurz A. Effect of hydroxyethyl starch on postoperative kidney function in patients having noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2014; 121: 730–9.
    1. Agency EM. Hydroxyethyl‐starch solutions (HES) no longer to be used in patients with sepsis or burn injuries or in critically ill patients, 2013. [www document] (accessed 15 September 2015).
    1. Rasmussen KC, Johansson PI, Hojskov M, Kridina I, Kistorp T, Thind P, Nielsen HB, Ruhnau B, Pedersen T, Secher NH. Hydroxyethyl starch reduces coagulation competence and increases blood loss during major surgery: results from a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 249–54.
    1. Lewis SJ, Andersen HK, Thomas S. Early enteral nutrition within 24 h of intestinal surgery versus later commencement of feeding: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13: 569–75.
    1. Zhuang CL, Ye XZ, Zhang CJ, Dong QT, Chen BC, Yu Z. Early versus traditional postoperative oral feeding in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery: a meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials. Dig Surg 2013; 30: 225–32.
    1. Holte K, Foss NB, Svensen C, Lund C, Madsen JL, Kehlet H. Epidural anesthesia, hypotension, and changes in intravascular volume. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 281–6.
    1. Gould TH, Grace K, Thorne G, Thomas M. Effect of thoracic epidural anaesthesia on colonic blood flow. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 446–51.
    1. Chowdhury AH, Cox EF, Francis ST, Lobo DN. A randomized, controlled, double‐blind crossover study on the effects of 2‐L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma‐lyte(R) 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 18–24.
    1. Lobo DN, Stanga Z, Simpson JAD, Anderson JA, Rowlands BJ, Allison SP. Dilution and redistribution effects of rapid 2‐litre infusions of 0.9% (w/v) saline and 5% (w/v) dextrose on haematological parameters and serum biochemistry in normal subjects: a double‐blind crossover study. Clin Sci (Lond) 2001; 101: 173–9.
    1. Reid F, Lobo DN, Williams RN, Rowlands BJ, Allison SP. (Ab)normal saline and physiological Hartmann's solution: a randomized double‐blind crossover study. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003; 104: 17–24.
    1. O'Malley CM, Frumento RJ, Hardy MA, Benvenisty AI, Brentjens TE, Mercer JS, Bennett‐Guerrero E. A randomized, double‐blind comparison of lactated Ringer's solution and 0.9% NaCl during renal transplantation. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1518–24.
    1. Waters JH, Gottlieb A, Schoenwald P, Popovich MJ, Sprung J, Nelson DR. Normal saline versus lactated Ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an outcome study. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 817–22.
    1. PROcedure SPECific postoperative pain menagemenT (PROSPECT) [www document] (accessed 15 February 2013).
    1. White PF, Kehlet H. Improving postoperative pain management: what are the unresolved issues? Anesthesiology 2010; 112: 220–5.
    1. Wu CL, Cohen SR, Richman JM, Rowlingson AJ, Courpas GE, Cheung K, Lin EE, Liu SS. Efficacy of postoperative patient‐controlled and continuous infusion epidural analgesia versus intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia with opioids: a meta‐analysis. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 1079–88; quiz 109‐10.
    1. Rigg JR, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, Silbert BS, Peyton PJ, Parsons RW, Collins KS, Group MATS. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1276–82.
    1. Popping DM, Elia N, Van Aken HK, Marret E, Schug SA, Kranke P, Wenk M, Tramer MR. Impact of epidural analgesia on mortality and morbidity after surgery: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 1056–67.
    1. Carli F, Kehlet H, Baldini G, Steel A, McRae K, Slinger P, Hemmerling T, Salinas F, Neal JM. Evidence basis for regional anesthesia in multidisciplinary fast‐track surgical care pathways. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011; 36: 63–72.
    1. Khan SA, Khokhar HA, Nasr AR, Carton E, El‐Masry S. Effect of epidural analgesia on bowel function in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 2581–91.
    1. Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Moiniche S, Dahl JB. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid‐based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 4: CD001893.
    1. Shi WZ, Miao YL, Yakoob MY, Cao JB, Zhang H, Jiang YG, Xu LH, Mi WD. Recovery of gastrointestinal function with thoracic epidural vs. systemic analgesia following gastrointestinal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58: 923–32.
    1. Uchida I, Asoh T, Shirasaka C, Tsuji H. Effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative insulin resistance as evaluated by insulin clamp technique. Br J Surg 1988; 75: 557–62.
    1. Popping DM, Elia N, Marret E, Remy C, Tramer MR. Protective effects of epidural analgesia on pulmonary complications after abdominal and thoracic surgery: a meta‐analysis. Arch Surg 2008; 143: 990–9; discussion 1000.
    1. Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA Jr, Wu CL. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta‐analysis. JAMA 2003; 290: 2455–63.
    1. Zaouter C, Wuethrich P, Miccoli M, Carli F. Early removal of urinary catheter leads to greater post‐void residuals in patients with thoracic epidural. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012; 56: 1020–5.
    1. Marret E, Remy C, Bonnet F, Postoperative Pain Forum G . Meta‐analysis of epidural analgesia versus parenteral opioid analgesia after colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2007; 94: 665–73.
    1. Rawal N. Epidural technique for postoperative pain: gold standard no more? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012; 37: 310–7.
    1. Hubner M, Blanc C, Roulin D, Winiker M, Gander S, Demartines N. Randomized clinical trial on epidural versus patient‐controlled analgesia for laparoscopic colorectal surgery within an enhanced recovery pathway. Ann Surg 2015; 261: 648–53.
    1. Levy BF, Scott MJ, Fawcett W, Fry C, Rockall TA. Randomized clinical trial of epidural, spinal or patient‐controlled analgesia for patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2011; 98: 1068–78.
    1. Wongyingsinn M, Baldini G, Charlebois P, Liberman S, Stein B, Carli F. Intravenous lidocaine versus thoracic epidural analgesia: a randomized controlled trial in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery using an enhanced recovery program. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011; 36: 241–8.
    1. Hermanides J, Hollmann MW, Stevens MF, Lirk P. Failed epidural: causes and management. Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 144–54.
    1. Finucane BT, Ganapathy S, Carli F, Pridham JN, Ong BY, Shukla RC, Kristoffersson AH, Huizar KM, Nevin K, Ahlen KG, Canadian Ropivacaine Research G . Prolonged epidural infusions of ropivacaine (2 mg/mL) after colonic surgery: the impact of adding fentanyl. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 1276–85.
    1. Manion SC, Brennan TJ. Thoracic epidural analgesia and acute pain management. Anesthesiology 2011; 115: 181–8.
    1. Kim JY, Lee SJ, Koo BN, Noh SH, Kil HK, Kim HS, Ban SY. The effect of epidural sufentanil in ropivacaine on urinary retention in patients undergoing gastrectomy. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97: 414–8.
    1. Rawal N, Allvin R. Epidural and intrathecal opioids for postoperative pain management in Europe–a 17‐nation questionnaire study of selected hospitals. Euro Pain Study Group on Acute Pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40: 1119–26.
    1. Sakaguchi Y, Sakura S, Shinzawa M, Saito Y. Does adrenaline improve epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl analgesia after abdominal surgery? Anaesth Intensive Care 2000; 28: 522–6.
    1. Niemi G, Breivik H. The minimally effective concentration of adrenaline in a low‐concentration thoracic epidural analgesic infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery. A randomized, double‐blind, dose‐finding study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47: 439–50.
    1. Niemi G, Breivik H. Epinephrine markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a small‐dose infusion of ropivacaine, fentanyl, and epinephrine after major thoracic or abdominal surgery: a randomized, double‐blinded crossover study with and without epinephrine. Anesth Analg 2002; 94: 1598–605.
    1. Chan AK, Cheung CW, Chong YK. Alpha‐2 agonists in acute pain management. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11: 2849–68.
    1. Gramigni E, Bracco D, Carli F. Epidural analgesia and postoperative orthostatic haemodynamic changes. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2013; 30: 398–404.
    1. Meylan N, Elia N, Lysakowski C, Tramer MR. Benefit and risk of intrathecal morphine without local anaesthetic in patients undergoing major surgery: meta‐analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 156–67.
    1. Levy BF, Scott MJ, Fawcett WJ, Day A, Rockall TA. Optimizing patient outcomes in laparoscopic surgery. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13(Suppl 7): 8–11.
    1. Hubner M, Lovely JK, Huebner M, Slettedahl SW, Jacob AK, Larson DW. Intrathecal analgesia and restrictive perioperative fluid management within enhanced recovery pathway: hemodynamic implications. J Am Coll Surg 2013; 216: 1124–34.
    1. Wongyingsinn M, Baldini G, Stein B, Charlebois P, Liberman S, Carli F. Spinal analgesia for laparoscopic colonic resection using an enhanced recovery after surgery programme: better analgesia, but no benefits on postoperative recovery: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 850–6.
    1. Marret E, Rolin M, Beaussier M, Bonnet F. Meta‐analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1331–8.
    1. Vigneault L, Turgeon AF, Cote D, Lauzier F, Zarychanski R, Moore L, McIntyre LA, Nicole PC, Fergusson DA. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain control: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can J Anaesth 2011; 58: 22–37.
    1. McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS. Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs 2010; 70: 1149–63.
    1. Kaba A, Laurent SR, Detroz BJ, Sessler DI, Durieux ME, Lamy ML, Joris JL. Intravenous lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 11–8; discussion 5‐6.
    1. Karthikesalingam A, Walsh SR, Markar SR, Sadat U, Tang TY, Malata CM. Continuous wound infusion of local anaesthetic agents following colorectal surgery: systematic review and meta‐analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 5301–5.
    1. Liu SS, Richman JM, Thirlby RC, Wu CL. Efficacy of continuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 203: 914–32.
    1. Beaussier M, El'Ayoubi H, Schiffer E, Rollin M, Parc Y, Mazoit JX, Azizi L, Gervaz P, Rohr S, Biermann C, Lienhart A, Eledjam JJ. Continuous preperitoneal infusion of ropivacaine provides effective analgesia and accelerates recovery after colorectal surgery: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Anesthesiology 2007; 107: 461–8.
    1. Bertoglio S, Fabiani F, Negri PD, Corcione A, Merlo DF, Cafiero F, Esposito C, Belluco C, Pertile D, Amodio R, Mannucci M, Fontana V, Cicco MD, Zappi L. The postoperative analgesic efficacy of preperitoneal continuous wound infusion compared to epidural continuous infusion with local anesthetics after colorectal cancer surgery: a randomized controlled multicenter study. Anesth Analg 2012; 115: 1442–50.
    1. Jouve P, Bazin JE, Petit A, Minville V, Gerard A, Buc E, Dupre A, Kwiatkowski F, Constantin JM, Futier E. Epidural versus continuous preperitoneal analgesia during fast‐track open colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2013; 118: 622–30.
    1. Boulind CE, Ewings P, Bulley SH, Reid JM, Jenkins JT, Blazeby JM, Francis NK. Feasibility study of analgesia via epidural versus continuous wound infusion after laparoscopic colorectal resection. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 395–402.
    1. Ventham NT, O'Neill S, Johns N, Brady RR, Fearon KC. Evaluation of novel local anesthetic wound infiltration techniques for postoperative pain following colorectal resection surgery: a meta‐analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 2014; 57: 237–50.
    1. Moiniche S, Dahl JB. Wound catheters for post‐operative pain management: overture or finale? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55: 775–7.
    1. Charlton S, Cyna AM, Middleton P, Griffiths JD. Perioperative transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks for analgesia after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD007705. doi: .
    1. Siddiqui MR, Sajid MS, Uncles DR, Cheek L, Baig MK. A meta‐analysis on the clinical effectiveness of transversus abdominis plane block. J Clin Anesth 2011; 23: 7–14.
    1. Johns N, O'Neill S, Ventham NT, Barron F, Brady RR, Daniel T. Clinical effectiveness of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14: e635–42.
    1. Bharti N, Kumar P, Bala I, Gupta V. The efficacy of a novel approach to transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 2011; 112: 1504–8.
    1. Owen DJ, Harrod I, Ford J, Luckas M, Gudimetla V. The surgical transversus abdominis plane block–a novel approach for performing an established technique. BJOG 2011; 118: 24–7.
    1. Favuzza J, Brady K, Delaney CP. Transversus abdominis plane blocks and enhanced recovery pathways: making the 23‐h hospital stay a realistic goal after laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 2481–6.
    1. Favuzza J, Delaney CP. Outcomes of discharge after elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery with transversus abdominis plane blocks and enhanced recovery pathway. J Am Coll Surg 2013; 217: 503–6.
    1. Keller DS, Stulberg JJ, Lawrence JK, Delaney CP. Process control to measure process improvement in colorectal surgery: modifications to an established enhanced recovery pathway. Dis Colon Rectum 2014; 57: 194–200.
    1. Brady RR, Ventham NT, Roberts DM, Graham C, Daniel T. Open transversus abdominis plane block and analgesic requirements in patients following right hemicolectomy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2012; 94: 327–30.
    1. Allcock E, Spencer E, Frazer R, Applegate G, Buckenmaier C 3rd. Continuous transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block catheters in a combat surgical environment. Pain Med 2010; 11: 1426–9.
    1. Kadam RV, Field JB. Ultrasound‐guided continuous transverse abdominis plane block for abdominal surgery. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2011; 27: 333–6.
    1. Bjerregaard N, Nikolajsen L, Bendtsen TF, Rasmussen BS. Transversus abdominis plane catheter bolus analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2012; 2012: 596536.
    1. Niraj G, Kelkar A, Jeyapalan I, Graff‐Baker P, Williams O, Darbar A, Maheshwaran A, Powell R. Comparison of analgesic efficacy of subcostal transversus abdominis plane blocks with epidural analgesia following upper abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 465–71.
    1. De Oliveira GS Jr, Castro‐Alves LJ, Nader A, Kendall MC, McCarthy RJ. Transversus abdominis plane block to ameliorate postoperative pain outcomes after laparoscopic surgery: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg 2014; 118: 454–63.
    1. Walter CJ, Maxwell‐Armstrong C, Pinkney TD, Conaghan PJ, Bedforth N, Gornall CB, Acheson AG. A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of ultrasound‐guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 2366–72.
    1. Niraj G, Kelkar A, Hart E, Horst C, Malik D, Yeow C, Singh B, Chaudhri S. Comparison of analgesic efficacy of four‐quadrant transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and continuous posterior TAP analgesia with epidural analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery: an open‐label, randomised, non‐inferiority trial. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 348–55.
    1. Abdallah FW, Chan VW, Brull R. Transversus abdominis plane block: a systematic review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012; 37: 193–209.
    1. Kahokehr A, Sammour T, Shoshtari KZ, Taylor M, Hill AG. Intraperitoneal local anesthetic improves recovery after colon resection: a double‐blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2011; 254: 28–38.
    1. Kahokehr A, Sammour T, Srinivasa S, Hill AG. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of intraperitoneal local anaesthetic for pain reduction after laparoscopic gastric procedures. Br J Surg 2011; 98: 29–36.
    1. Wu CL, Rowlingson AJ, Partin AW, Kalish MA, Courpas GE, Walsh PC, Fleisher LA. Correlation of postoperative pain to quality of recovery in the immediate postoperative period. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005; 30: 516–22.
    1. Marret E, Kurdi O, Zufferey P, Bonnet F. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on patient‐controlled analgesia morphine side effects: meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology 2005; 102: 1249–60.
    1. Klein M. Postoperative non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and colorectal anastomotic leakage. NSAIDs and anastomotic leakage. Dan Med J 2012; 59: B4420.
    1. Burton TP, Mittal A, Soop M. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and anastomotic dehiscence in bowel surgery: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum 2013; 56: 126–34.
    1. Gorissen KJ, Benning D, Berghmans T, Snoeijs MG, Sosef MN, Hulsewe KW, Luyer MD. Risk of anastomotic leakage with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 721–7.
    1. Remy C, Marret E, Bonnet F. Effects of acetaminophen on morphine side‐effects and consumption after major surgery: meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94: 505–13.
    1. Apfel CC, Turan A, Souza K, Pergolizzi J, Hornuss C. Intravenous acetaminophen reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Pain 2013; 154: 677–89.
    1. Mathiesen O, Wetterslev J, Kontinen VK, Pommergaard HC, Nikolajsen L, Rosenberg J, Hansen MS, Hamunen K, Kjer JJ, Dahl JB, Scandinavian Postoperative Pain A . Adverse effects of perioperative paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, gabapentinoids and their combinations: a topical review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58: 1182–98.
    1. Nussmeier NA, Whelton AA, Brown MT, Joshi GP, Langford RM, Singla NK, Boye ME, Verburg KM. Safety and efficacy of the cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 518–26.
    1. Vignali A, Di Palo S, Orsenigo E, Ghirardelli L, Radaelli G, Staudacher C. Effect of prednisolone on local and systemic response in laparoscopic vs. open colon surgery: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 1080–8.
    1. Waldron NH, Jones CA, Gan TJ, Allen TK, Habib AS. Impact of perioperative dexamethasone on postoperative analgesia and side‐effects: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: 191–200.
    1. Lunn TH, Kristensen BB, Andersen LO, Husted H, Otte KS, Gaarn‐Larsen L, Kehlet H. Effect of high‐dose preoperative methylprednisolone on pain and recovery after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106: 230–8.
    1. de la Motte L, Kehlet H, Vogt K, Nielsen CH, Groenvall JB, Nielsen HB, Andersen A, Schroeder TV, Lonn L. Preoperative methylprednisolone enhances recovery after endovascular aortic repair: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Ann Surg 2014; 260: 540–8; discussion 48‐9.
    1. Bell RF, Dahl JB, Moore RA, Kalso E. Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD004603.
    1. Weinbroum AA. Non‐opioid IV adjuvants in the perioperative period: pharmacological and clinical aspects of ketamine and gabapentinoids. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65: 411–29.
    1. White PF. The changing role of non‐opioid analgesic techniques in the management of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: S5–22.
    1. Candiotti KA, Sands LR, Lee E, Bergese SD, Harzman AE, Marcet J, Kumar AS, Haas E. Liposome bupivacaine for postsurgical analgesia in adult patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy: results from prospective phase IV sequential cohort studies assessing health economic outcomes. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 76: 1–6.
    1. Cohen SM. Extended pain relief trial utilizing infiltration of Exparel ®, a long‐acting multivesicular liposome formulation of bupivacaine: a Phase IV health economic trial in adult patients undergoing open colectomy. J Pain Res 2012; 5: 567–72.
    1. Dahl JB, Nielsen RV, Wetterslev J, Nikolajsen L, Hamunen K, Kontinen VK, Hansen MS, Kjer JJ, Mathiesen O, Scandinavian Postoperative Pain A . Post‐operative analgesic effects of paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, gabapentinoids and their combinations: a topical review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58: 1165–81.
    1. Brown TM, Boyle MF. Delirium. BMJ 2002; 325: 644–7.
    1. Tucker GJ. The diagnosis of delirium and DSM‐IV. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10: 359–63.
    1. O'Keeffe ST. Clinical subtypes of delirium in the elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10: 380–5.
    1. Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Holford TR, Bogardus ST, Leo‐Summers LS, Inouye SK. Premature death associated with delirium at 1‐year follow‐up. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1657–62.
    1. Heymann A, Radtke F, Schiemann A, Lutz A, MacGuill M, Wernecke KD, Spies C. Delayed treatment of delirium increases mortality rate in intensive care unit patients. J Int Med Res 2010; 38: 1584–95.
    1. Pisani MA, Kong SY, Kasl SV, Murphy TE, Araujo KL, Van Ness PH. Days of delirium are associated with 1‐year mortality in an older intensive care unit population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180: 1092–7.
    1. Radtke FM, Heymann A, Franck M, Maechler F, Drews T, Luetz A, Nachtigall I, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. How to implement monitoring tools for sedation, pain and delirium in the intensive care unit: an experimental cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38: 1974–81.
    1. Skrobik Y, Ahern S, Leblanc M, Marquis F, Awissi DK, Kavanagh BP. Protocolized intensive care unit management of analgesia, sedation, and delirium improves analgesia and subsyndromal delirium rates. Anest Analg 2010; 111: 451–63.
    1. Radtke FM, Franck M, MacGuill M, Seeling M, Lutz A, Westhoff S, Neumann U, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Duration of fluid fasting and choice of analgesic are modifiable factors for early postoperative delirium. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27: 411–6.
    1. Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T. Antipsychotics for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD005594.
    1. Lonergan E, Luxenberg J, Areosa Sastre A, Wyller TB. Benzodiazepines for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 1: CD006379.
    1. Delaney CP, Kehlet H, Senagore A. Postoperative ileus: profiles, risk factors and definitions – a framework for optimizing surgical outcomes in patients undergoing major abdominal and colorectal surgery. Clinical Consensus Update in General Surgery 2006. Available at: . (accessed 15 September 2015)
    1. van Bree SH, Bemelman WA, Hollmann MW, Zwinderman AH, Matteoli G, El Temna S, The FO, Vlug MS, Bennink RJ, Boeckxstaens GE. Identification of clinical outcome measures for recovery of gastrointestinal motility in postoperative ileus. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 708–14.
    1. Kehlet H. Postoperative ileus–an update on preventive techniques. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 5: 552–8.
    1. Chapuis PH, Bokey L, Keshava A, Rickard MJ, Stewart P, Young CJ, Dent OF. Risk factors for prolonged ileus after resection of colorectal cancer: an observational study of 2400 consecutive patients. Ann Surg 2013; 257: 909–15.
    1. Brieger GH. Early ambulation. A study in the history of surgery. Ann Surg 1983; 197: 443–9.
    1. Brower RG. Consequences of bed rest. Critical Care Med 2009; 37: S422–8.
    1. Gatt M, Anderson AD, Reddy BS, Hayward‐Sampson P, Tring IC, MacFie J. Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization of surgical care in patients undergoing major colonic resection. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 1354–62.
    1. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Evidence‐based surgical care and the evolution of fast‐track surgery. Ann Surg 2008; 248: 189–98.
    1. Browning L, Denehy L, Scholes RL. The quantity of early upright mobilisation performed following upper abdominal surgery is low: an observational study. Aust J Physiother 2007; 53: 47–52.
    1. Henriksen MG, Jensen MB, Hansen HV, Jespersen TW, Hessov I. Enforced mobilization, early oral feeding, and balanced analgesia improve convalescence after colorectal surgery. Nutrition 2002; 18: 147–52.
    1. Pashikanti L, Von Ah D. Impact of early mobilization protocol on the medical‐surgical inpatient population: an integrated review of literature. Clin Nurse Spec 2012; 26: 87–94.
    1. Pitkethly M, Macgillivray S, Ryan R. Recordings or summaries of consultations for people with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 3: CD001539.
    1. Li C, Ferri LE, Mulder DS, Ncuti A, Neville A, Lee L, Kaneva P, Watson D, Vassiliou M, Carli F, Feldman LS. An enhanced recovery pathway decreases duration of stay after esophagectomy. Surgery 2012; 152: 606–14; discussion 14‐6.
    1. Li C, Carli F, Lee L, Charlebois P, Stein B, Liberman AS, Kaneva P, Augustin B, Wongyingsinn M, Gamsa A, Kim do J, Vassiliou MC, Feldman LS. Impact of a trimodal prehabilitation program on functional recovery after colorectal cancer surgery: a pilot study. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 1072–82.
    1. Maessen J, Dejong CH, Hausel J, Nygren J, Lassen K, Andersen J, Kessels AG, Revhaug A, Kehlet H, Ljungqvist O, Fearon KC, von Meyenfeldt MF. A protocol is not enough to implement an enhanced recovery programme for colorectal resection. Br J Surg 2007; 94: 224–31.
    1. Bravata DM, Smith‐Spangler C, Sundaram V, Gienger AL, Lin N, Lewis R, Stave CD, Olkin I, Sirard JR. Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review. JAMA 2007; 298: 2296–304.
    1. Papaspyros S, Uppal S, Khan SA, Paul S, O'Regan DJ. Analysis of bedside entertainment services' effect on post cardiac surgery physical activity: a prospective, randomised clinical trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 34: 1022–6.
    1. Moiniche S, Hjortso NC, Blemmer T, Dahl JB, Kehlet H. Blood pressure and heart rate during orthostatic stress and walking with continuous postoperative thoracic epidural bupivacaine/morphine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993; 37: 65–9.
    1. Kehlet H. Fast‐track surgery‐an update on physiological care principles to enhance recovery. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 396: 585–90.
    1. Jans O, Bundgaard‐Nielsen M, Solgaard S, Johansson PI, Kehlet H. Orthostatic intolerance during early mobilization after fast‐track hip arthroplasty. Br J Anaeesth 2012; 108: 436–43.
    1. Bundgaard‐Nielsen M, Jans O, Muller RG, Korshin A, Ruhnau B, Bie P, Secher NH, Kehlet H. Does goal‐directed fluid therapy affect postoperative orthostatic intolerance?: A randomized trial. Anesthesiology 2013; 119: 813–23.
    1. Rehberg B. Why don't patients get out of bed postoperatively? Eur J Anaesthesiol 2013; 30: 395–6.
    1. Sjetne IS, Krogstad U, Odegard S, Engh ME. Improving quality by introducing enhanced recovery after surgery in a gynaecological department: consequences for ward nursing practice. Qual Saf Health Care 2009; 18: 236–40.
    1. Carli F, Mayo N, Klubien K, Schricker T, Trudel J, Belliveau P. Epidural analgesia enhances functional exercise capacity and health‐related quality of life after colonic surgery: results of a randomized trial. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 540–9.
    1. Wodlin NB, Nilsson L, Kjolhede P. Health‐related quality of life and postoperative recovery in fast‐track hysterectomy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90: 362–8.
    1. Beaussier M, El'ayoubi H, Rollin M, Parc Y, Atchabahian A, Chanques G, Capdevila X, Lienhart A, Jaber S. Parietal analgesia decreases postoperative diaphragm dysfunction induced by abdominal surgery: a physiologic study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009; 34: 393–7.
    1. Virlos I, Clements D, Beynon J, Ratnalikar V, Khot U. Short‐term outcomes with intrathecal versus epidural analgesia in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 1401–6.
    1. Levy BF, Scott MJ, Fawcett WJ, Rockall TA. 23‐hour‐stay laparoscopic colectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 1239–43.
    1. Vaughan‐Shaw PG, Fecher IC, Harris S, Knight JS. A meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of the opioid receptor antagonist alvimopan in reducing hospital length of stay and time to GI recovery in patients enrolled in a standardized accelerated recovery program after abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55: 611–20.
    1. Yin Z, Sun J, Liu T, Zhu Y, Peng S, Wang J. Gum chewing: another simple potential method for more rapid improvement of postoperative gastrointestinal function. Digestion 2013; 87: 67–74.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit