Pathophysiology of chronic peripheral ischemia: new perspectives

Salvatore Santo Signorelli, Luca Vanella, Nader G Abraham, Salvatore Scuto, Elisa Marino, Petra Rocic, Salvatore Santo Signorelli, Luca Vanella, Nader G Abraham, Salvatore Scuto, Elisa Marino, Petra Rocic

Abstract

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects individuals particularly over 65 years old in the more advanced countries. Hemodynamic, inflammatory, and oxidative mechanisms interact in the pathophysiological scenario of this chronic arterial disease. We discuss the hemodynamic, muscle tissue, and oxidative stress (OxS) conditions related to chronic ischemia of the peripheral arteries. This review summarizes the results of evaluating both metabolic and oxidative markers, and also therapy to counteract OxS. In conclusion, we believe different pathways should be highlighted to discover new drugs to treat patients suffering from PAD.

Keywords: biomarkers; inflammation; pathophysiology; peripheral arterial disease; therapy.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest statement: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

© The Author(s), 2020.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Hemodynamic disarrangement in peripheral chronic ischemia. ABI, ankle brachial index.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Mitochondrial and muscle disorders originated by peripheral chronic ischemia. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species.

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