Modulation of Brain Activity with Noninvasive Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Clinical Applications and Safety Concerns

Haichao Zhao, Lei Qiao, Dongqiong Fan, Shuyue Zhang, Ofir Turel, Yonghui Li, Jun Li, Gui Xue, Antao Chen, Qinghua He, Haichao Zhao, Lei Qiao, Dongqiong Fan, Shuyue Zhang, Ofir Turel, Yonghui Li, Jun Li, Gui Xue, Antao Chen, Qinghua He

Abstract

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a widely-used tool to induce neuroplasticity and modulate cortical function by applying weak direct current over the scalp. In this review, we first introduce the underlying mechanism of action, the brief history from discovery to clinical scientific research, electrode positioning and montages, and parameter setup of tDCS. Then, we review tDCS application in clinical samples including people with drug addiction, major depression disorder, Alzheimer's disease, as well as in children. This review covers the typical characteristics and the underlying neural mechanisms of tDCS treatment in such studies. This is followed by a discussion of safety, especially when the current intensity is increased or the stimulation duration is prolonged. Given such concerns, we provide detailed suggestions regarding safety procedures for tDCS operation. Lastly, future research directions are discussed. They include foci on the development of multi-tech combination with tDCS such as with TMS and fMRI; long-term behavioral and morphological changes; possible applications in other research domains, and more animal research to deepen the understanding of the biological and physiological mechanisms of tDCS stimulation.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; cognitive neuroscience; decision neuroscience; drug addiction; major depression disorder; safety; transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Bi-cephalic (anode in red, cathode in yellow); (B) Mono-cephalic tDCS (active anode or cathode in red, the extra-cephalic reference electrode in gray); (C) Non-cephalic tDCS (active anode or cathode in red, the non-cortical reference electrode in gray).

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