Association between black stains and dental caries in primary teeth: findings from a Brazilian population-based birth cohort

C C França-Pinto, M S Cenci, M B Correa, A R Romano, M A Peres, K G Peres, A Matijasevich, I S Santos, A J D Barros, F F Demarco, C C França-Pinto, M S Cenci, M B Correa, A R Romano, M A Peres, K G Peres, A Matijasevich, I S Santos, A J D Barros, F F Demarco

Abstract

Lower dental caries experience has been observed in children and teenagers with the presence of black stains on dental structures. However, none of the previous investigations were population-based studies or adjusted the analysis for potential confounders. This study assessed the prevalence of black stains at the age of 5 in a population-based birth cohort from Pelotas, Brazil and investigated the association between black stains and dental caries. A total of 1,129 children from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort were examined at age 5, and their mothers were interviewed at their households. Dental examinations included a search for black stains and dental caries on the primary dentition through the dmf-s index. The mothers' questionnaire comprised data on demographic, social, and behavior aspects. Prevalence of black stains was 3.5% (95% CI 2.5-4.7) and the prevalence of dental caries was 48.4% (95% CI 45.4-51.4). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between black stains and dental caries. Adjusted analysis revealed that the presence of black stains was associated with lower levels of dental caries (OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.26-0.99). The results of the present study suggest that black stains are a protective factor for dental caries development.

Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.

References

    1. Antunes JL, Jahn GM, de Camargo MA. Increasing inequalities in the distribution of dental caries in the Brazilian context in Finland. Community Dent Health. 2005;22:94–100.
    1. Barros AJD, Santos IS, Victora CG, Albernáz EP, Domingues MR, Timm IK, Matijasevich A, Bertoldi AD, Barros FC. Birth cohort from Pelotas, 2004: methodology and description (in Portuguese) Rev Saude Pública. 2006;40:402–413.
    1. Caldas CT, Mialhe FL, Silva RP. Prevalence of extrinsic black dental stains and its relation to dental caries in the municipality of Santa Terezinha de Itaipu – PR (in Portuguese) Rev Fac Odontol UPF. 2008;13:22–26.
    1. Declerck D, Leroy R, Martens L, Lesaffre E, Garcia-Zattera M-J, Vanden Broucke S, Debyser M, Hoppenbrouwers K. Factors associated with prevalence and severity of caries experience in preschool children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008;36:168–178.
    1. Duckworth RM, Huntington E. Evidence for putting the calculus:caries inverse relationship to work. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005;33:349–356.
    1. Fejerskov O. Changing paradigms in concepts on dental caries: consequences for oral health care. Caries Res. 2004;38:182–191.
    1. Ferreira SH, Béria JU, Kramer PF, Feldens EG, Feldens CA. Dental caries in 0- to 5-year-old Brazilian children: prevalence, severity, and associated factors. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007;17:289–296.
    1. Franco KD, Issao M. Black stains and their relationship to dental caries (in Portuguese) Rev Paul Odontol. 1990;12:23–30.
    1. Gallardo VP, Cencillo CP. Chromogenic staining: a common problem in pediatric clinic (in Spanish) An Pediatr. 2005;62:258–260.
    1. Gasparetto A, Conrado CA, Maciel SM, Miyamoto EY, Chicarelli M, Zanata RL. Prevalence of black tooth stains and dental caries in Brazilian school children. Braz Dent J. 2003;14:157–161.
    1. Gülzow HJ. Schwarze und grüne Zahnbeläge: Untersuchungen über ihre Häufigkeit und über ihre Beziehung zur Kariesfrequenz. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z. 1963;18:1370–1376.
    1. Heinrich-Weltzien R, Monse B, Helderman WP. Black stain and dental caries in Filipino schoolchildren. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2009;37:182–187.
    1. Kiwanuka SN, Astrøm AN, Trovik TA. Dental caries experience and its relationship to social and behavioural factors among 3–5-year-old children in Uganda. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2004;14:336–346.
    1. Koch MJ, Bove M, Schroff J, Perlea P, GarcÌa-Godoy F, Staehle HJ. Black stain and dental caries in schoolchildren in Potenza, Italy. J Dent Child. 2001;68:353–355.
    1. Meurman PK, Pienihäkkinen K. Factors associated with caries increment: a longitudinal study from 18 months to 5 years of age. Caries Res. 2010;44:519–524.
    1. Ministério da Saúde, SAS/SVS/Departamento de Atenção Básica . Resultados Principais. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2011. Coordenação Nacional de Saúde Bucal. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal 2010.
    1. Peres MA, Traebert JL, Marcenes W. Calibration of examiners for dental caries epidemiologic studies. Cad Saude Publica. 2001;17:153–159.
    1. Reid JS, Beeley JA. Biochemical studies on the composition of gingival debris from children with black extrinsic tooth stain. Caries Res. 1976;10:363–369.
    1. Reid JS, Beeley JA, MacDonald DG. Investigations Into black extrinsic tooth stain. J Dent Res. 1977;56:895–899.
    1. Saba C, Solidana M, Berlutti F, Vestri A, Ottolenghi L, Polimeni A. Black stains in the mixed dentition: a PCR microbiological study to the etiopathogenic bacteria. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2006;30:219–224.
    1. Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet. 2007;369:515–519.
    1. Sheiham A. Oral health, general health and quality of life. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:544–545.
    1. Shourie KL. Mesenteric line or pigmented: a sign of comparative freedom from caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 1947;35:805–807.
    1. Sutcliffe P. Extrinsic tooth stains in children. Dent Pract. 1967;17:175–179.
    1. Theilade J, Slots J, Fejerskov O. The ultrastructure of black stain on human primary teeth. Scand J Dent Res. 1973;81:528–532.
    1. World Health Organization . Oral Health Survey: Basic Methods. ed 4. Geneva: WHO; 1997.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit