Vamorolone targets dual nuclear receptors to treat inflammation and dystrophic cardiomyopathy
Christopher R Heier, Qing Yu, Alyson A Fiorillo, Christopher B Tully, Asya Tucker, Davi A Mazala, Kitipong Uaesoontrachoon, Sadish Srinivassane, Jesse M Damsker, Eric P Hoffman, Kanneboyina Nagaraju, Christopher F Spurney, Christopher R Heier, Qing Yu, Alyson A Fiorillo, Christopher B Tully, Asya Tucker, Davi A Mazala, Kitipong Uaesoontrachoon, Sadish Srinivassane, Jesse M Damsker, Eric P Hoffman, Kanneboyina Nagaraju, Christopher F Spurney
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of death for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Here, we find that the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) can share common ligands but play distinct roles in dystrophic heart and skeletal muscle pathophysiology. Comparisons of their ligand structures indicate that the Δ9,11 modification of the first-in-class drug vamorolone enables it to avoid interaction with a conserved receptor residue (N770/N564), which would otherwise activate transcription factor properties of both receptors. Reporter assays show that vamorolone and eplerenone are MR antagonists, whereas prednisolone is an MR agonist. Macrophages, cardiomyocytes, and CRISPR knockout myoblasts show vamorolone is also a dissociative GR ligand that inhibits inflammation with improved safety over prednisone and GR-specific deflazacort. In mice, hyperaldosteronism activates MR-driven hypertension and kidney phenotypes. We find that genetic dystrophin loss provides a second hit for MR-mediated cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy model mice, as aldosterone worsens fibrosis, mass and dysfunction phenotypes. Vamorolone successfully prevents MR-activated phenotypes, whereas prednisolone activates negative MR and GR effects. In conclusion, vamorolone targets dual nuclear receptors to treat inflammation and cardiomyopathy with improved safety.
Conflict of interest statement
ReveraGen BioPharma owns the method of use intellectual property relating to the use of Δ9,11 compounds to treat disease. EP Hoffman and K Nagaraju are co-founders of ReveraGen with shares in the company. JM Damsker is an employee of the company. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
© 2019 Heier et al.
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