Depressive symptoms affect changes in nicotine withdrawal and smoking urges throughout smoking cessation treatment: Preliminary results

Abstract

Background: Individuals who report more depressive symptoms consistently demonstrate higher rates of nicotine dependence and less successful smoking cessation than do individuals who report fewer depressive symptoms. Nicotine withdrawal and smoking urges are two potential factors that may account for the differences observed between these two groups. This study assessed whether elevated depression symptoms among nicotine dependent smokers are associated with changes in withdrawal and urges to smoke when undergoing smoking cessation treatment.

Method: Data on 81 nicotine dependent smokers were collected as part of a smoking cessation randomized trial that compared standard and contingency management treatment across one baseline week and four treatment weeks. Linear mixed model analyses were conducted with high and low depression scores predicting changes in withdrawal and urge ratings from a baseline week and four treatment weeks.

Results: Participants with elevated depression symptoms reported more intense nicotine withdrawal and smoking urges throughout treatment. Further, participants with greater depressive symptoms exhibited an increase in smoking urges at the start of treatment, compared with a gradual decline in urges among participants with fewer depressive symptoms.

Conclusions: Smokers with elevated depressive symptoms experience significantly elevated discomfort during smoking cessation efforts in the form of increased withdrawal and craving. This discomfort has the potential to make quitting smoking more difficult. Clinical Trial Identifier: NCT00865254.

Keywords: affective disorders; cravings; nicotine dependence; smoking cessation; treatment and intervention; withdrawal symptoms.

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest with respect to the conduct or content of this work. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R21 DA021839), Detroit Wayne Mental Health Authority, and Joe Young Sr./Helene Lycaki (State of Michigan). The above funding sources had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, data interpretation, manuscript creation, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.

Figures

Figure 1

Changes in Nicotine Withdrawal and Smoking Urges by High/Low Depression

Figure 1

Changes in Nicotine Withdrawal and Smoking Urges by High/Low Depression