Bringing women's voices to PMTCT CARE: adapting CARE's Community Score Card© to engage women living with HIV to build quality health systems in Malawi

Abstract

Background: Coverage of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services has expanded rapidly but approaches to ensure service delivery is patient-centered have not always kept pace. To better understand how the inclusion of women living with HIV in a collective, quality improvement process could address persistent gaps, we adapted a social accountability approach, CARE's Community Score Card© (CSC), to the PMTCT context. The CSC process generates perception-based score cards and facilitates regular quality improvement dialogues between service users and service providers.

Methods: Fifteen indicators were generated by PMTCT service users and providers as part of the CSC process. These indicators were scored by each population during three sequential cycles of the CSC process which culminates in a sharing of scores in a collective meeting followed by action planning. We aggregated these scores across facilities and analyzed the differences in first and last scorings to understand perceived improvements over the course of the project (z-test comparing the significance of two proportions; one-tailed p-value ≤ .05). Data were collected over 12 months from September 2017 to August 2018.

Results: Fourteen of the fifteen indicators improved over the course of this project, with eight showing statistically significant improvement. Out of the indicators that showed statistically significant improvement, the majority fell within the control of local communities, local health facilities, or service providers (7 out of 8) and were related to patient or user experience and support from families and community members (6 out of 8). From first to last cycle, scores from service users' and service providers' perspectives converged. At the first scoring cycle, four indicators exhibited statistically significant differences (p-value ≤ .05) between service users and service providers. At the final cycle there were no statistically significant differences between the scores of these two groups.

Conclusions: By creating an opportunity for mothers living with HIV, health service providers, communities, and local government officials to jointly identify issues and implement solutions, the CSC contributed to improvements in the perceived quality of PMTCT services. The success of this model highlights the feasibility and importance of involving people living with HIV in quality improvement and assurance efforts.

Trial registration: Trial registration: ClincalTrials.gov NCT04372667 retrospectively registered on May 1st 2020.

Keywords: HIV; PMTCT; Participation; Patient engagement; Patient involvement; Quality improvement; Social accountability; User involvement; Voice.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1

CARE’s Community Score Card Process

Fig. 2

Percent Change in Score Card Indicators from First to Final Scoring; z-test comparing the significance of 2 proportions (one-tailed p-value).; ** p-value ≤ .05

Fig. 3

Percent Change in Score Card Indicators from First to Final Scoring by Loci of Control; z-test comparing the significant of 2 proportions (one-tailed p-value). ** p-value ≤ .05

Fig. 4

Percent Change in Score Card Indicators from First to Final Scoring by component of high-quality health system; z-test comparing the significant of 2 proportions (one-tailed p-value). ** p-value ≤ .05

Fig. 5

Absolute percentage point difference between service user and service provider scores at first and final scoring; z-test comparing the significant of 2 proportions (one-tailed p-value). ** p-value ≤ .05