Change in active transportation and weight gain in pregnancy

Marianne Skreden, Nina C Øverby, Linda R Sagedal, Ingvild Vistad, Monica K Torstveit, Hilde Lohne-Seiler, Elling Bere, Marianne Skreden, Nina C Øverby, Linda R Sagedal, Ingvild Vistad, Monica K Torstveit, Hilde Lohne-Seiler, Elling Bere

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy is characterised by large weight gain over a short period, and often a notable change in mode of transportation. This makes pregnancy suitable for examining the plausible, but in the scientific literature still unclear, association between active transportation and weight gain. We hypothesize that women continuing an active mode of transportation to work or school from pre- to early pregnancy will have a lower gestational weight gain (GWG) than those who change to a less active mode of transportation.

Methods: We analysed prospective data from the Norwegian Fit for Delivery (NFFD) trial. Between September 2009 and February 2013 606 women were consecutively enrolled in median gestational week 16 (range; 8-20). Of 219 women who used an active mode of transportation (biking, walking, public transportation) pre-pregnancy, 66 (30%) converted to a less active mode in early pregnancy ("active-less active" group), and 153 (70%) continued with active transportation ("active-active" group). Pre-pregnancy weight was self-reported. Weight at gestational (GA) weeks 16, 30, 36, and at term delivery was objectively measured. Weight gain was compared between the two groups. Linear mixed effects analysis of the repeated weight measures was performed including the group*time interaction.

Results: A significant overall group effect was observed for the four time points together ("active-active" group: 77.3 kg vs. "active-less active" group: 78.8 kg, p = 0.008). The interaction term group*time was significant indicating different weight gain throughout pregnancy for the two groups; the mean differences between the groups were 0.7 kg at week 16, 1.4 kg at week 30, 2.1 kg at week 36, and 2.2 kg at term delivery, respectively.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that active transportation is one possible approach to prevent excessive weight gain in pregnancy.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Inclusion and exclusion of women through the study period. 1number in “active-active” group who delivered before gestational (GA)week 36 is 11, but there is a slight discordance in attendance at week 36 measurements because of variations in timing of appointment (34–38 weeks gestation). 2number in “active-active” group who delivered after GA week 36 but before GA week 37 is 3

References

    1. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384:766–81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8.
    1. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, Purcell K, Shulkes A, Kriketos A, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1597–604. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105816.
    1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Weight gain during pregnancy. Committee opinion no. 548. Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 121:210–12.
    1. Jiang H, Qian X, Li M, Lynn H, Fan Y, Jiang H, et al. Can physical activity reduce excessive gestational weight gain? Findings from a Chinese urban pregnant women cohort study. International J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:12. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-12.
    1. Stuebe AM, Oken E, Gillman MW. Associations of diet and physical activity during pregnancy with risk for excessive gestational weight gain. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:58.
    1. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2392–404. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1014296.
    1. Lee IM, Djousse L, Sesso HD, Wang L, Buring JE. Physical activity and weight gain prevention. JAMA. 2010;303:1173–9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.312.
    1. Brown WJ, Hockey R, Dobson AJ. Effects of having a baby on weight gain. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38:163–70. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.044.
    1. Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R, Adams C, Alleyne G, Asaria P, et al. Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis. Lancet. 2011;377:1438–47. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60393-0.
    1. World Health Organization. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020. In: Book Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Assessed 30 Oct 2015.
    1. Juhl M, Madsen M, Andersen AM, Andersen PK, Olsen J. Distribution and predictors of exercise habits among pregnant women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22:128–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01125.x.
    1. Owe KM, Nystad W, Bo K. Correlates of regular exercise during pregnancy: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19:637–45. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00840.x.
    1. Liu J, Blair SN, Teng Y, Ness AR, Lawlor DA, Riddoch C. Physical activity during pregnancy in a prospective cohort of British women: results from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26:237–47. doi: 10.1007/s10654-010-9538-1.
    1. Abbasi M, Van den Akker O. A systematic review of changes in women’s physical activity before and during pregnancy and the postnatal period. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2015;33:325–58.
    1. Duncombe D, Wertheim EH, Skouteris H, Paxton SJ, Kelly L. Factors related to exercise over the course of pregnancy including women’s beliefs about the safety of exercise during pregnancy. Midwifery. 2009;25:430–38. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2007.03.002.
    1. Gaston A, Cramp A. Exercise during pregnancy: a review of patterns and determinants. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14:299–305. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.02.006.
    1. Padmapriya N, Shen L, Soh SE, Shen Z, Kwek K, Godfrey KM, et al. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns Before and During Pregnancy in a Multi-ethnic Sample of Asian Women in Singapore. Maternal Child Health J. 2015;19:2523–35. doi: 10.1007/s10995-015-1773-3.
    1. Evenson KR, Moos MK, Carrier K, Siega-Riz AM. Perceived barriers to physical activity among pregnant women. Maternal Child Health J. 2009;13:364–75. doi: 10.1007/s10995-008-0359-8.
    1. Zhang Y, Dong S, Zuo J, Hu X, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Physical activity level of urban pregnant women in Tianjin. China: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e109624.
    1. Sui Z, Turnbull D, Dodd J. Enablers of and barriers to making healthy change during pregnancy in overweight and obese women. Australa Med J. 2013;6:565–77. doi: 10.4066/AMJ.2013.1881.
    1. World Health Organization: CSDH final report; closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva. 2008. . Assessed 30 Oct 2015.
    1. Das P, Horton R. Rethinking our approach to physical activity. Lancet. 2012;380:189–90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61024-1.
    1. Thern E, Sjogren Forss K, Jogreus CE, Stjernberg L. Factors associated with active commuting among parents-to-be in Karlskrona, Sweden. Scand J Public Health. 2015;43:59–65. doi: 10.1177/1403494814559119.
    1. Skreden M, Øverby NC, Sagedal LR, Vistad I, Torstveit MK, Lohne-Seiler H, et al. Changes in mode of transportation to work or school from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study. Prev Med Reports. 2015;2:429–35. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.05.002.
    1. Haakstad LA, Voldner N, Henriksen T, Bo K. Physical activity level and weight gain in a cohort of pregnant Norwegian women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86:559–64. doi: 10.1080/00016340601185301.
    1. Martin A, Panter J, Suhrcke M, Ogilvie D. Impact of changes in mode of travel to work on changes in body mass index: evidence from the British Household Panel Survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69:753–61. doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-205211.
    1. Flint E, Cummins S, Sacker A. Associations between active commuting, body fat, and body mass index: population based, cross sectional study in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 2014;349:g4887. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g4887.
    1. Millett C, Agrawal S, Sullivan R, Vaz M, Kurpad A, Bharathi AV, et al. Associations between active travel to work and overweight, hypertension, and diabetes in India: a cross-sectional study. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001459. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001459.
    1. Laverty AA, Mindell JS, Webb EA, Millett C. Active travel to work and cardiovascular risk factors in the United Kingdom. Am J Prev Med. 2013;45:282–8. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.04.012.
    1. Pabayo R, Gauvin L, Barnett TA, Nikiema B, Seguin L. Sustained active transportation is associated with a favorable body mass index trajectory across the early school years: findings from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development birth cohort. Prev Med. 2010;50(Suppl 1):S59–64. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.08.014.
    1. Bere E, Oenema A, Prins RG, Seiler S, Brug J. Longitudinal associations between cycling to school and weight status. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6:182–7. doi: 10.3109/17477166.2011.583656.
    1. Xu H, Wen LM, Rissel C. The relationships between active transport to work or school and cardiovascular health or body weight: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2013;25:298–315. doi: 10.1177/1010539513482965.
    1. Wanner M, Gotschi T, Martin-Diener E, Kahlmeier S, Martin BW. Active transport, physical activity, and body weight in adults: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42:493–502. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.030.
    1. Saunders LE, Green JM, Petticrew MP, Steinbach R, Roberts H. What are the health benefits of active travel? A systematic review of trials and cohort studies. PLoS One. 2013;8:e69912.
    1. Hendriksen IJ, Zuiderveld B, Kemper HC, Bezemer PD. Effect of commuter cycling on physical performance of male and female employees. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:504–10. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200002000-00037.
    1. Oja P, Mänttäri A, Heinonen A, Kukkonen‐Harjula K, Laukkanen R, Pasanen M, et al. Physiological effects of walking and cycling to work. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1991;1:151–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00288.x.
    1. Moller NC, Ostergaard L, Gade JR, Nielsen JL, Andersen LB. The effect on cardiorespiratory fitness after an 8-week period of commuter cycling--a randomized controlled study in adults. Prev Med. 2011;53:172–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.06.007.
    1. Institute of Medicine . Book Weight Gain During Pregnancy. Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington DC: National Academic Press; 2009. Weight Gain During Pregnancy. Reexamining the Guidelines.
    1. Sagedal LR, Overby NC, Lohne-Seiler H, Bere E, Torstveit MK, Henriksen T, et al. Study protocol: fit for delivery - can a lifestyle intervention in pregnancy result in measurable health benefits for mothers and newborns? A randomized controlled trial. BMC public health. 2013;13:132. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-132.
    1. Overby NC, Hillesund ER, Sagedal LR, Vistad I, Bere E. The Fit for Delivery study: rationale for the recommendations and test-retest reliability of a dietary score measuring adherence to 10 specific recommendations for prevention of excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Matern Child Nutr. 2015;11:20–32. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12026.
    1. Bassett JDR, Pucher J, Buehler R, Thompson DL, Crouter SE. Walking, Cycling, and Obesity Rates in Europe, North America, and Australia. J Phys Act Health. 2008;5:795–814.
    1. Saelens BE, Vernez Moudon A, Kang B, Hurvitz PM, Zhou C. Relation between higher physical activity and public transit use. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:854–9. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301696.
    1. Rissel C, Curac N, Greenaway M, Bauman A. Physical activity associated with public transport use--a review and modelling of potential benefits. Int J of Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9:2454–78. doi: 10.3390/ijerph9072454.
    1. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire. 2005. Assessed: 30 Oct 2015.
    1. Norwegian Gynecological Association. Guideline for Obstetrics: Veileder i fødselshjelp. Oslo, Norway; 2009. Assessed 30 Oct 2015
    1. Sugiyama T, Ding D, Owen N. Commuting by car: weight gain among physically active adults. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44:169–73. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.063.
    1. Rissel C, Greenaway M, Bauman A, Wen LM. Active travel to work in New South Wales 2005-2010, individual characteristics and association with body mass index. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2014;2014(38):25–9. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12097.
    1. Liamputtong P, Yimyam S, Parisunyakul S, Baosoung C, Sansiriphun N. Traditional beliefs about pregnancy and child birth among women from Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. Midwifery. 2005;21:139–53. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2004.05.002.
    1. Mbada CE, Adebayo OE, Adeyemi AB, Arije OO, Dada OO, Akinwande OA, et al. Knowledge and Attitude of Nigerian Pregnant Women towards Antenatal Exercise: A Cross-Sectional Survey. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:260539. doi: 10.1155/2014/260539.
    1. Lee DT, Ngai IS, Ng MM, Lok IH, Yip AS, Chung TK. Antenatal taboos among Chinese women in Hong Kong. Midwifery. 2009;25:104–13. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2007.01.008.
    1. Pucher J, Buehler R. Making cycling irresistible: lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. Transport Reviews. 2008;28:495–528. doi: 10.1080/01441640701806612.
    1. Bopp M, Child S, Campbell M. Factors associated with active commuting to work among women. Women Health. 2014;54:212–31. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2014.883663.
    1. Juhl M, Andersen PK, Olsen J, Madsen M, Jorgensen T, Nohr EA, et al. Physical exercise during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:859–66. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm364.
    1. Owe KM, Nystad W, Skjaerven R, Stigum H, Bo K. Exercise during pregnancy and the gestational age distribution: a cohort study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1067–74. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182442fc9.
    1. Connor Gorber S, Tremblay M, Moher D, Gorber B. A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2007;8:307–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00347.x.
    1. Bodnar LM, Abrams B, Bertolet M, Gernand AD, Parisi SM, Himes KP, et al. Validity of birth certificate-derived maternal weight data. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014;28:203–12. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12120.
    1. Engstrom JL, Paterson SA, Doherty A, Trabulsi M, Speer KL. Accuracy of self-reported height and weight in women: an integrative review of the literature. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2003;48:338–45. doi: 10.1016/S1526-9523(03)00281-2.
    1. Besser LM, Dannenberg AL. Walking to public transit: steps to help meet physical activity recommendations. Am J Prev Med. 2005;29:273–80. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.010.
    1. Wener RE, Evans GW. A Morning Stroll: Levels of Physical Activity in Car and Mass Transit Commuting. Environ Behav. 2007;39:62–74. doi: 10.1177/0013916506295571.
    1. Skreden M, Bere E, Sagedal LR, Vistad I, Overby NC. Changes in beverage consumption from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18:1187–96. doi: 10.1017/S136898001400189X.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit