Dietary pattern and leisure time activity of overweight and normal weight children in Germany: sex-specific differences

Ina B Maier, Yelda Ozel, Sabine Wagnerberger, Stephan C Bischoff, Ina Bergheim, Ina B Maier, Yelda Ozel, Sabine Wagnerberger, Stephan C Bischoff, Ina Bergheim

Abstract

Background: Several studies indicate that dietary pattern and leisure time activities of adults not only differ between sexes but also between overweight and normal weight individuals. The aim of the present study was to determine if sex-specific differences in dietary pattern and leisure time activity already exist and are associated with weight status in young childhood.

Methods: Nutritional intake, anthropometric parameters, leisure time activities and socio- demographical factors were assessed in 100 overweight and 51 normal weight children (81 girls and 70 boys), aged 5-8 years.

Results: In general, independent of body weight, boys ate more cheese while girls consumed more vegetables and spent more time with sedentary activities. Moreover, regardless of sex, total energy and macronutrient intake did not differ between normal weight and overweight children. Also, time spent with sportive activities did not differ between groups; however, overweight boys spent significantly more leisure time with sedentary activities than normal weight boys. Furthermore, BMI of mothers and time spent with sedentary activities were identified as independent risk factors for the development of overweight when performing multiple regression analyses.

Conclusions: Taken together, results of our study suggest that already at young age sex influences dietary pattern independent of body weight. Furthermore, an increased time spent with sedentary activities and an elevated maternal BMI were found to be associated with an elevated body weight in children. (

Trial registration: NCT01306396).

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Intake of different food groups of (A) all boys and girls and of (B) all overweight and normal weight children. Recommendations of the German research institute for nutrition of children (FKE) are shown as dashed lines [15]. *p < 0.05.

References

    1. Kurth BM, Schaffrath RA. [The prevalence of overweight and obese children and adolescents living in Germany. Results of the German health interview and examination survey for children and adolescents (KiGGS)] Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2007;50:736–743. doi: 10.1007/s00103-007-0235-5.
    1. Rocandio AM, Ansotegui L, Arroyo M. Comparison of dietary intake among overweight and non-overweight schoolchildren. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1651–1655. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801793.
    1. Hassapidou M, Fotiadou E, Maglara E, Papadopoulou SK. Energy intake, diet composition, energy expenditure, and body fatness of adolescents in northern Greece. Obesity. 2006;14:855–862. doi: 10.1038/oby.2006.99.
    1. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Boyce WF, King MA, Pickett W. Overweight and obesity in Canadian adolescents and their associations with dietary habits and physical activity patterns. J Adolesc Health. 2004;35:360–367.
    1. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Boyce WF, Vereecken C, Mulvihill C, Roberts C, Currie C, Pickett W. Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns. Obes Rev. 2005;6:123–132. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00176.x.
    1. Baker AH, Wardle J. Sex differences in fruit and vegetable intake in older adults. Appetite. 2003;40:269–275. doi: 10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00014-X.
    1. Fraser GE, Welch A, Luben R, Bingham SA, Day NE. The effect of age, sex, and education on food consumption of a middle-aged English cohort-EPIC in East Anglia. Prev Med. 2000;30:26–34. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1999.0598.
    1. Kelder SH, Perry CL, Klepp KI, Lytle LL. Longitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1121–1126. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.84.7.1121.
    1. Nicklas TA, Webber LS, Thompson B, Berenson GS. A multivariate model for assessing eating patterns and their relationship to cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49:1320–1327.
    1. Slimani N, Fahey M, Welch AA, Wirfält E, Stripp C, Bergström E, Linseisen J, Schulze MB, Bamia C, Chloptsios Y, Veglia F, Panico S, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ocké MC, Brustad M, Lund E, González CA, Barcos A, Berglund G, Winkvist A, Mulligan A, Appleby P, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kesse E, Ferrari P, Van Staveren WA, Riboli E. Diversity of dietary patterns observed in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5:1311–1328. doi: 10.1079/PHN2002407.
    1. Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Wabitsch M, Kunze D, Geller F. Percentile of body mass index in children and adolescents evaluated from different regional German studies. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 2001;149:807–818. doi: 10.1007/s001120170107.
    1. Schofield WN. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1985;39(Suppl 1):5–41.
    1. Sichert-Hellert W, Kersting M, Schoch G. Underreporting of energy intake in 1 to 18 year old German children and adolescents. Z Ernahrungswiss. 1998;37:242–251. doi: 10.1007/s003940050023.
    1. Holling H, Kamtsiuris P, Lange M, Thierfelder W, Thamm M, Schlack R. [The German health interview and examination survey for children and adolescents (KiGGS): study management and conduct of fieldwork] Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2007;50:557–566. doi: 10.1007/s00103-007-0216-8.
    1. Alexy U, Clausen K, Kersting M. Die Ernährung gesunder Kinder und Jugendlicher nach dem Konzept der Optimierten Mischkost. Ernährungsumschau. 2008;3:168–177.
    1. Briefel RR, McDowell MA, Alaimo K, Caughman CR, Bischof AL, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Total energy intake of the US population: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62:1072S–1080S.
    1. Duvigneaud N, Wijndaele K, Matton L, Philippaerts R, Lefevre J, Thomis M, Delecluse C, Duquet W. Dietary factors associated with obesity indicators and level of sports participation in Flemish adults: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J. 2007;6:26. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-26.
    1. Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Reed GW, Peters RJ. Obesity and the environment: Where do we go from here? Science. 2003;299:853–855. doi: 10.1126/science.1079857.
    1. Cavill N, Biddle S, Sallis JF. Health enhancing physical activity for young people: statement of the United Kingdom expert consensus conference. Pediatric Exerc Sci. 2001;13:12–25.
    1. Marshall SJ, Biddle SJ, Gorely T, Cameron N, Murdey I. Relationships between media use, body fatness and physical activity in children and youth: a meta-analysis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:1238–1246. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802706.
    1. Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Andres P, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Redondo R, Gonzalez-Fernandez M. Relationship between diet composition and body mass index in a group of Spanish adolescents. Br J Nutr. 1995;74:765–773.
    1. Kersting M, Alexy U, Kroke A, Lentze MJ. Kinderernährung in Deutschland - Ergebnisse der DONALD-Studie. Bundesgesundheitsbl. Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz. 2004;47:213–218. doi: 10.1007/s00103-003-0796-x.
    1. Danielzik S, Langnase K, Mast M, Spethmann C, Muller MJ. Impact of parental BMI on the manifestation of overweight 5–7 year old children. Eur J Nutr. 2002;41:132–138. doi: 10.1007/s00394-002-0367-1.
    1. Silventoinen K, Rokholm B, Kaprio J, Sorensen TIA. The genetic and environmental influences on childhood obesity: a systematic review of twin and adoption studies. Int J Obes. 2010;34:29–40. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2009.177.
    1. Safer DL, Agras WS, Bryson S, Hammer LD. Early body mass index and other anthropometric relationships between parents and children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1532–1536. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801786.
    1. Fogelholm M, Nuutinen O, Pasanen M, Myohanen E, Saatela T. Parent–child relationship of physical activity patterns and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:1262–1268.
    1. German association of nutrition (DGE) Report of nutrition. German association of nutrition, Bonn; 2008.
    1. Bradlee ML, Singer MR, Qureshi MM, Moore LL. Food group intake and central obesity among children and adolescents in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:797–805. doi: 10.1017/S1368980009991546.
    1. Fagerli RA, Wandel M. Gender differences in opinions and practices with regard to a “healthy diet”. Appetite. 1999;32:171–190. doi: 10.1006/appe.1998.0188.
    1. Jones LR, Steer CD, Rogers IS, Emmett PM. Influences on child fruit and vegetable intake: sociodemographic, parental and child factors in a longitudinal cohort study. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:1122–1130. doi: 10.1017/S1368980010000133.
    1. Troiano RP, Briefel RR, Carroll MD, Bialostosky K. Energy and fat intakes of children and adolescents in the united states: data from the national health and nutrition examination surveys. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1343S–1453S.
    1. Riddoch CJ, Bo AL, Wedderkopp N, Harro M, Klasson-Heggebo L, Sardinha LB, Cooper AR, Ekelund U. Physical activity levels and patterns of 9- and 15-yr-old European children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:86–92. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000106174.43932.92.
    1. Taylor RW, Gold E, Manning P, Goulding A. Gender differences in body fat content are present well before puberty. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997;21:1082–1084. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800522.
    1. Johansson L, Solvoll K, Bjorneboe GE, Drevon CA. Under- and overreporting of energy intake related to weight status and lifestyle in a nationwide sample. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:266–274.
    1. Pietiläinen KH, Korkeila M, Bogl LH, Westerterp KR, Yki-Järvinen H, Kaprio J, Rissanen A. Inaccuracies in food and physical activity diaries of obese subjects: complementary evidence from doubly labeled water and co-twin assessments. Int J Obes. 2010;34:437–445. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2009.251.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit