Tongue thickness in health vs cirrhosis of the liver: Prospective observational study

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition affects 40%-90% of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. L3 skeletal muscle index (L3SMI) is presently accepted as the most objective and quantitative measure available for sarcopenia, a surrogate marker of malnutrition. L3SMI application is, however, limited by non-availability of computed tomography scanning in remote areas, cost, need for extensive training, and the risk of exposure to radiation. Therefore, an alternative dependable measure with wider availability is needed. Malnutrition causes sarcopenia not only in skeletal muscles but also in other muscular structures such as the psoas muscle, diaphragm and tongue. We therefore hypothesised that the tongue, being easily accessible for inspection and for measurement of thickness using ultrasonography, may be used to document sarcopenia.

Aim: To measure and compare tongue thickness in healthy individuals and in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and to study its correlation with conventional prognostic scores for patients with cirrhosis of the liver.

Methods: Tongue thickness was measured using ultrasonography. One hundred twenty subjects of either gender aged 18 to 65 years were studied, with 30 subjects in each group. The tongue thickness was compared between groups based on "Child Turcotte Pugh" (CTP) scores. The correlations between measured tongue thickness and "Model for end stage liver disease" (MELD) score and between age and measured tongue thickness were also assessed.

Results: Mean tongue thickness (mean ± SD) in patients with CTP class A, B and C was 4.39 ± 0.39 cm, 4.19 ± 0.53 cm, and 3.87 ± 0.42, respectively, and was 4.33 ± 0.49 cm in normal healthy individuals. Significant differences were seen in tongue thickness between patients with CTP class C and those with CTP class A and B (P < 0.05). Patients with CTP class C also had a significantly reduced tongue thickness than normal individuals (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was seen in tongue thickness between patients with CTP class A and B and normal individuals. A statistically significant, negative correlation was found between MELD score and tongue thickness (r = -0.331) (P < 0.001). No correlation was observed between L3SMI and MELD score (r = 0.074, P = 0.424). L3SMI (mean ± SD) in healthy subjects was 39.66 ± 6.8 and was 38.26 ± 8.88 in patients with CTP class C, and the difference was not significant. No significant correlation was found between age of the patients and tongue thickness. Intra-class correlation coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the tongue thickness measurements. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.984 (95%CI: 0.979-0.989) and was indicative of good reliability.

Conclusion: Tongue thickness measured by ultrasonography, correlates significantly with the severity of liver disease, as assessed by CTP and MELD scores. The patients with a CTP score ≥ 10 have significantly reduced tongue thickness as compared to normal individuals and those with less severe liver disease and CTP scores of 5-9. No significant difference in tongue thickness was found between healthy individuals and CTP class A and B patients.

Keywords: Child Turcotte Pugh class; Cirrhosis of the liver; Malnutrition; Model for end stage liver disease score; Sarcopenia; Ultrasonography.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interest to declare.

©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1

Ultrasonography probe position for measuring tongue thickness.

Figure 2

Vertical distance measured from the surface of the mylohyoid muscle to the tongue dorsum. USG: Ultrasonography.

Figure 3

Aetiologies of liver cirrhosis.

Figure 4

Box plot of the distribution of tongue thickness in different “Child Turcotte Pugh” class patients and normal healthy subjects. CTP class: Child Turcotte Pugh class.

Figure 5

Box plot of the distribution of L3 skeletal muscle index in Child Turcotte Pugh class C patients and healthy individuals. L3SMI: L3 skeletal muscle index; CTP class: Child Turcotte Pugh class.