Management of Visual Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson's Disease

Joseph Savitt, Rachid Aouchiche, Joseph Savitt, Rachid Aouchiche

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder with many symptoms responsive to treatment with dopamine agonists, anti-cholinergics and the dopamine precursor, levodopa. The cardinal features of PD include tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. There also are non-motor features that include sleep disorders, cognitive and affective dysfunction, hyposmia, pain and dysautonomia (constipation, bloating, orthostasis, urinary symptoms, sexual dysfunction, dysphagia). Among these non-motor features are signs and symptoms of visual system impairment that range from subtle examination findings to those causing severe disability. In this review we describe common PD-related abnormalities in the visual system, how they present, and potential treatments.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; diplopia; dry eye; hallucination; vision.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to report.

Figures

Fig.1
Fig.1
Addressing hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease. Flow chart for stepwise treatment of hallucinations in PD. See text for details and additional warnings. *Use of antipsychotics in patients suffering from dementia must proceed with caution given the black box warning for increased mortality, also QTc should be monitored. MAOb-I, monoamine oxidase B inhibitor; STN-DBS, subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation; COMT-I, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor.

References

    1. Hamedani AG, Willis AW (2020) Self-reported visual dysfunction in Parkinson disease: The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, Eur J Neurol 27, 484–489.
    1. Borm C, Visser F, Werkmann M, de Graaf D, Putz D, Seppi K, Poewe W, Vlaar AMM, Hoyng C, Bloem BR, Theelen T, de Vries NM (2020) Seeing ophthalmologic problems in Parkinson disease: Results of a visual impairment questionnaire, Neurology 94, e1539–e1547.
    1. Conway J, Ilardi M, Gonzalez C, Dahan N, Fallon S, Moehringer N, Hasanaj L, Joseph B, Serrano L, Rizzo JR, Rucker JC, Feigin A, Frucht S, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ (2020) Rapid picture naming in Parkinson’s disease using the Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES), J Neurol Sci 410, 116680.
    1. Nowacka B, Lubinski W, Honczarenko K, Potemkowski A, Safranow K (2014) Ophthalmological features of Parkinson disease, Med Sci Monit 20, 2243–2249.
    1. Kimura N, Watanabe A, Suzuki K, Toyoda H, Hakamata N, Fukuoka H, Washimi Y, Arahata Y, Takeda A, Kondo M, Mizuno T, Kinoshita S (2017) Measurement of spontaneous blinks in patients with Parkinson’s disease using a new high-speed blink analysis system, J Neurol Sci 380, 200–204.
    1. Tamer C, Melek IM, Duman T, Oksuz H (2005) Tear film tests in Parkinson’s disease patients, Ophthalmology 112, 1795.
    1. Biousse V, Skibell BC, Watts RL, Loupe DN, Drews-Botsch C, Newman NJ (2004) Ophthalmologic features of Parkinson’s disease, Neurology 62, 177–180.
    1. Bowen RC, Koeppel JN, Christensen CD, Snow KB, Ma J, Katz BJ, Krauss HR, Landau K, Warner JEA, Crum AV, Straumann D, Digre KB (2018) The most common causes of eye pain at 2 tertiary ophthalmology and neurology clinics, J Neuroophthalmol 38, 320–327.
    1. Daggumilli S, Vanathi M, Ganger A, Goyal V, Tandon R (2019) Corneal evaluation in patients with parkinsonism on long-term amantadine therapy, Cornea 38, 1131–1136.
    1. Mancera N, Wadia HP (2019) Corneal edema associated with systemic dopaminergic agents, Cornea 38, 1040–1042.
    1. O’Brien J, Taylor JP, Ballard C, Barker RA, Bradley C, Burns A, Collerton D, Dave S, Dudley R, Francis P, Gibbons A, Harris K, Lawrence V, Leroi I, McKeith I, Michaelides M, Naik C, O’Callaghan C, Olsen K, Onofrj M, Pinto R, Russell G, Swann P, Thomas A, Urwyler P, Weil RS, Ffytche D (2020) Visual hallucinations in neurological and ophthalmological disease: Pathophysiology and management, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91, 512–519.
    1. Savitt J, Mathews M (2018) Treatment of visual disorders in Parkinson disease, Curr Treat Options Neurol 20, 30.
    1. Milner MS, Beckman KA, Luchs JI, Allen QB, Awdeh RM, Berdahl J, Boland TS, Buznego C, Gira JP, Goldberg DF, Goldman D, Goyal RK, Jackson MA, Katz J, Kim T, Majmudar PA, Malhotra RP, McDonald MB, Rajpal RK, Raviv T, Rowen S, Shamie N, Solomon JD, Stonecipher K, Tauber S, Trattler W, Walter KA, Waring GOt, Weinstock RJ, Wiley WF, Yeu E (2017) Dysfunctional tear syndrome: Dry eye disease and associated tear film disorders - new strategies for diagnosis and treatment, Curr Opin Ophthalmol 27 Suppl 1, 3–47.
    1. Green KE, Rastall D, Eggenberger E (2017) Treatment of blepharospasm/hemifacial spasm, Curr Treat Options Neurol 19, 41.
    1. O’Neil EC, Henderson M, Massaro-Giordano M, Bunya VY (2019) Advances in dry eye disease treatment, Curr Opin Ophthalmol 30, 166–178.
    1. Leigh RJ, Zee DS (2015) The neurology of eye movements, Oxford University Press Oxford; New York.
    1. Terao Y, Fukuda H, Ugawa Y, Hikosaka O (2013) New perspectives on the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease as assessed by saccade performance: A clinical review, Clin Neurophysiol 124, 1491–1506.
    1. Lv W, Guan Q, Hu X, Chen J, Jiang H, Zhang L, Fan W (2017) Vestibulo-ocular reflex abnormality in Parkinson’s disease detected by video head impulse test, Neurosci Lett 657, 211–214.
    1. Jung I, Kim JS (2019) Abnormal eye movements in parkinsonism and movement disorders, J Mov Disord 12, 1–13.
    1. Jehangir N, Yu CY, Song J, Shariati MA, Binder S, Beyer J, Santini V, Poston K, Liao YJ (2018) Slower saccadic reading in Parkinson’s disease, PLoS One 13, e0191005.
    1. Archibald NK, Clarke MP, Mosimann UP, Burn DJ (2011) Visual symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia, Mov Disord 26, 2387–2395.
    1. Ekker MS, Janssen S, Seppi K, Poewe W, de Vries NM, Theelen T, Nonnekes J, Bloem BR (2017) Ocular and visual disorders in Parkinson’s disease: Common but frequently overlooked, Parkinsonism Relat Disord 40, 1–10.
    1. Nebe A, Ebersbach G (2007) Selective diplopia in Parkinson’s disease: A special subtype of visual hallucination?, Mov Disord 22, 1175–1178.
    1. Fletcher DC (1999) Low vision rehabilitation: Caring for the whole person, American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Franciso.
    1. Racette BA, Gokden MS, Tychsen LS, Perlmutter JS (1999) Convergence insufficiency in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease responsive to levodopa, Strabismus 7, 169–174.
    1. Schindlbeck KA, Schonfeld S, Naumann W, Friedrich DJ, Maier A, Rewitzer C, Klostermann F, Marzinzik F (2017) Characterization of diplopia in non-demented patients with Parkinson’s disease, Parkinsonism Relat Disord 45, 1–6.
    1. Almer Z, Klein KS, Marsh L, Gerstenhaber M, Repka MX (2012) Ocular motor and sensory function in Parkinson’s disease, Ophthalmology 119, 178–182.
    1. Ghadban R, Martinez JM, Diehl NN, Mohney BG (2015) The incidence and clinical characteristics of adult-onset convergence insufficiency, Ophthalmology 122, 1056–1059.
    1. Mailankody P, Lenka A, Pal PK (2019) The role of optical coherence tomography in parkinsonism: A critical review, J Neurol Sci 403, 67–74.
    1. Chorostecki J, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Shah A, Bao F, Bao G, George E, Gorden V, Caon C, Frohman E, Bhatti MT, Khan O (2015) Characterization of retinal architecture in Parkinson’s disease, J Neurol Sci 355, 44–48.
    1. Bodis-Wollner I, Kozlowski PB, Glazman S, Miri S (2014) alpha-synuclein in the inner retina in parkinson disease, Ann Neurol 75, 964–966.
    1. Chrysou A, Jansonius NM, van Laar T (2019) Retinal layers in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography studies, Parkinsonism Relat Disord 64, 40–49.
    1. Nucci C, Martucci A, Cesareo M, Garaci F, Morrone LA, Russo R, Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G, Mancino R (2015) Links among glaucoma, neurodegenerative, and vascular diseases of the central nervous system, Prog Brain Res 221, 49–65.
    1. Bohnen NI, Haugen J, Ridder A, Kotagal V, Albin RL, Frey KA, Muller M (2017) Color discrimination errors associate with axial motor impairments in Parkinson’s disease, Mov Disord Clin Pract 4, 864–869.
    1. Satue M, Rodrigo MJ, Obis J, Vilades E, Gracia H, Otin S, Fuertes MI, Alarcia R, Crespo JA, Polo V, Larrosa JM, Pablo LE, Garcia-Martin E (2017) Evaluation of progressive visual dysfunction and retinal degeneration in patients with Parkinson’s disease, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58, 1151–1157.
    1. Polo V, Satue M, Rodrigo MJ, Otin S, Alarcia R, Bambo MP, Fuertes MI, Larrosa JM, Pablo LE, Garcia-Martin E (2016) Visual dysfunction and its correlation with retinal changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease: An observational cross-sectional study, BMJ Open 6, e009658.
    1. Buttner T, Kuhn W, Patzold T, Przuntek H (1994) L-Dopa improves colour vision in Parkinson’s disease, J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect 7, 13–19.
    1. Hutton JT, Morris JL, Elias JW (1993) Levodopa improves spatial contrast sensitivity in Parkinson’s disease, Arch Neurol 50, 721–724.
    1. Alvarez L, Classen S (2018) Driving with Parkinson’s disease: Cut points for clinical predictors of on-road outcomes: La conduite automobile et la maladie de Parkinson: Points de decoupage pour les predicteurs clinique des resultats des epreuves sur route, Can J Occup Ther 85, 232–241.
    1. Gibson G, Mottram PG, Burn DJ, Hindle JV, Landau S, Samuel M, Hurt CS, Brown RG, KC MW (2013) Frequency, prevalence, incidence and risk factors associated with visual hallucinations in a sample of patients with Parkinson’s disease: A longitudinal 4-year study, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 28, 626–631.
    1. Diederich NJ, Fenelon G, Stebbins G, Goetz CG (2009) Hallucinations in Parkinson disease, Nat Rev Neurol 5, 331–342.
    1. Kurita A, Koshikawa H, Akiba T, Seki K, Ishikawa H, Suzuki M (2019) Visual hallucinations and impaired conscious visual perception in Parkinson disease., J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, doi: 10.1177/0891988719892318.
    1. Damasceno Dos Santos EU, Duarte EBC, Miranda LMR, Asano AGC, Asano NMJ, Maia MMD, de Souza PRE (2019) Pharmacogenetic profile and the occurrence of visual hallucinations in patients with sporadic Parkinson’s disease, J Clin Pharmacol 59, 1006–1013.
    1. Russo M, Carrarini C, Dono F, Rispoli MG, Di Pietro M, Di Stefano V, Ferri L, Bonanni L, Sensi SL, Onofrj M (2019) The pharmacology of visual hallucinations in synucleinopathies, Front Pharmacol 10, 1379.
    1. Papapetropoulos S, Argyriou AA, Ellul J (2005) Factors associated with drug-induced visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease, J Neurol 252, 1223–1228.
    1. Yoshida F, Miyagi Y, Kishimoto J, Morioka T, Murakami N, Hashiguchi K, Samura K, Sakae N, Yamasaki R, Kawaguchi M, Sasaki T (2009) Subthalamic nucleus stimulation does not cause deterioration of preexisting hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease patients, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 87, 45–49.
    1. Umemura A, Oka Y, Okita K, Matsukawa N, Yamada K (2011) Subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson disease with severe medication-induced hallucinations or delusions, J Neurosurg 114, 1701–1705.
    1. Kurita A, Ochiai Y, Kono Y, Suzuki M, Inoue K (2003) The beneficial effect of donepezil on visual hallucinations in three patients with Parkinson’s disease, J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 16, 184–188.
    1. Sobow T (2007) Parkinson’s disease-related visual hallucinations unresponsive to atypical antipsychotics treated with cholinesterase inhibitors: A case series, Neurol Neurochir Pol 41, 276–279.
    1. Weintraub D, Chiang C, Kim HM, Wilkinson J, Marras C, Stanislawski B, Mamikonyan E, Kales HC (2017) Antipsychotic use and physical morbidity in Parkinson disease, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 25, 697–705.
    1. Weintraub D, Chiang C, Kim HM, Wilkinson J, Marras C, Stanislawski B, Mamikonyan E, Kales HC (2016) Association of antipsychotic use with mortality risk in patients with Parkinson disease, JAMA Neurol 73, 535–541.
    1. Chen JJ, Hua H, Massihi L, Portillo I, Alipour A, Ondo W, Dashtipour K (2019) Systematic literature review of quetiapine for the treatment of psychosis in patients with parkinsonism, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 31, 188–195.
    1. Zhang H, Wang L, Fan Y, Yang L, Wen X, Liu Y, Liu Z (2019) Atypical antipsychotics for Parkinson’s disease psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 15, 2137–2149.
    1. Pollak P, Tison F, Rascol O, Destee A, Pere JJ, Senard JM, Durif F, Bourdeix I (2004) Clozapine in drug induced psychosis in Parkinson’s disease: A randomised, placebo controlled study with open follow up, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75, 689–695.
    1. Factor SA, Brown D (1992) Clozapine prevents recurrence of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease, {Mov Disord {7, 125–131.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit