The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular disease

Mengchao Jin, Zhiyuan Qian, Jiayu Yin, Weiting Xu, Xiang Zhou, Mengchao Jin, Zhiyuan Qian, Jiayu Yin, Weiting Xu, Xiang Zhou

Abstract

Accumulating evidence has indicated that intestinal microbiota is involved in the development of various human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In the recent years, both human and animal experiments have revealed that alterations in the composition and function of intestinal flora, recognized as gut microflora dysbiosis, can accelerate the progression of CVDs. Moreover, intestinal flora metabolizes the diet ingested by the host into a series of metabolites, including trimethylamine N-oxide, short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acid and indoxyl sulfate, which affects the host physiological processes by activation of numerous signalling pathways. The aim of this review was to summarize the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of CVDs, including coronary artery disease, hypertension and heart failure, which may provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for CVD that involve interfering with the composition, function and metabolites of the intestinal flora.

Keywords: coronary artery disease; heart failure; hypertension; intestinal microbiota.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular diseases. Dietary habits, environmental factors and intestinal infection can alter the gut microbiota from eubiosis to dysbiosis. The intestinal microbiota metabolizes choline, phosphatidylcholine, L‐carnitine and betaine, generating trimethylamine (TMA), which is oxidized into trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) by hepatic flavin monooxygenases (FMO3). TMAO can accelerate atherosclerosis by inhibiting reverse cholesterol transport and accumulating macrophage cholesterol. Other intestinal microflora metabolite, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), regulate blood pressure by combining with Olfr78 and GPR41. Secondary bile acid and indoxyl sulfate are associated with heart failure. Specific treatments including antibiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), pro/prebiotics and dietary intervention can improve gut dysbiosis

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