Physical fitness training for stroke patients

David H Saunders, Mark Sanderson, Sara Hayes, Liam Johnson, Sharon Kramer, Daniel D Carter, Hannah Jarvis, Miriam Brazzelli, Gillian E Mead, David H Saunders, Mark Sanderson, Sara Hayes, Liam Johnson, Sharon Kramer, Daniel D Carter, Hannah Jarvis, Miriam Brazzelli, Gillian E Mead

Abstract

Background: Levels of physical activity and physical fitness are low after stroke. Interventions to increase physical fitness could reduce mortality and reduce disability through increased function.

Objectives: The primary objectives of this updated review were to determine whether fitness training after stroke reduces death, death or dependence, and disability. The secondary objectives were to determine the effects of training on adverse events, risk factors, physical fitness, mobility, physical function, health status and quality of life, mood, and cognitive function.

Search methods: In July 2018 we searched the Cochrane Stroke Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and four additional databases. We also searched ongoing trials registers and conference proceedings, screened reference lists, and contacted experts in the field.

Selection criteria: Randomised trials comparing either cardiorespiratory training or resistance training, or both (mixed training), with usual care, no intervention, or a non-exercise intervention in stroke survivors.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed quality and risk of bias, and extracted data. We analysed data using random-effects meta-analyses and assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Diverse outcome measures limited the intended analyses.

Main results: We included 75 studies, involving 3017 mostly ambulatory participants, which comprised cardiorespiratory (32 studies, 1631 participants), resistance (20 studies, 779 participants), and mixed training interventions (23 studies, 1207 participants). Death was not influenced by any intervention; risk differences were all 0.00 (low-certainty evidence). There were few deaths overall (19/3017 at end of intervention and 19/1469 at end of follow-up). None of the studies assessed death or dependence as a composite outcome. Disability scores were improved at end of intervention by cardiorespiratory training (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.52, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.84; 8 studies, 462 participants; P = 0.002; moderate-certainty evidence) and mixed training (SMD 0.23, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.42; 9 studies, 604 participants; P = 0.02; low-certainty evidence). There were too few data to assess the effects of resistance training on disability. Secondary outcomes showed multiple benefits for physical fitness (VO2 peak and strength), mobility (walking speed) and physical function (balance). These physical effects tended to be intervention-specific with the evidence mostly low or moderate certainty. Risk factor data were limited or showed no effects apart from cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 peak), which increased after cardiorespiratory training (mean difference (MD) 3.40 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 2.98 to 3.83; 9 studies, 438 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There was no evidence of any serious adverse events. Lack of data prevents conclusions about effects of training on mood, quality of life, and cognition. Lack of data also meant benefits at follow-up (i.e. after training had stopped) were unclear but some mobility benefits did persist. Risk of bias varied across studies but imbalanced amounts of exposure in control and intervention groups was a common issue affecting many comparisons.

Authors' conclusions: Few deaths overall suggest exercise is a safe intervention but means we cannot determine whether exercise reduces mortality or the chance of death or dependency. Cardiorespiratory training and, to a lesser extent mixed training, reduce disability during or after usual stroke care; this could be mediated by improved mobility and balance. There is sufficient evidence to incorporate cardiorespiratory and mixed training, involving walking, within post-stroke rehabilitation programmes to improve fitness, balance and the speed and capacity of walking. The magnitude of VO2 peak increase after cardiorespiratory training has been suggested to reduce risk of stroke hospitalisation by ˜7%. Cognitive function is under-investigated despite being a key outcome of interest for patients. Further well-designed randomised trials are needed to determine the optimal exercise prescription, the range of benefits and any long-term benefits.

Conflict of interest statement

DH Saunders was a co‐author of one included study (Mead 2007).

M Sanderson has no declarations of interest.

S Hayes has no declarations of interest.

L Johnson has no declarations of interest.

S Kramer has no declarations of interest.

D Carter has no declarations of interest.

H Jarvis has no declarations of interest.

M Brazzelli has no declarations of interest.

GE Mead receives royalties (about GBP 100 a year) for a book about fitness training after stroke (Exercise and Fitness Training after stroke) a handbook for evidence‐based practice. Ed Gillian Mead and Frederike van Wijck. These royalties are used to support further research. She has led a study of exercise after stroke that is included in the review (Mead 2007).

Figures

1
Study flow diagram for the current update of this review

2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item for each included study. In studies with no follow‐up measurement we did not assess risk of bias for the item labelled 'Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias): end of follow‐up'; this results in some blank spaces

3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item presented as percentages across all included studies. In studies with no follow‐up measurement, we did not assess risk of bias for the item labelled 'Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias): end of follow‐up'; this results in some blank spaces

4
Funnel plot of comparison 1. Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, outcome: 1.12 mobility ‐ walking maximal speed (over 5 to 10 metres; m/min)

5
Funnel plot of comparison 1. Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, outcome: 1.13 mobility ‐ walking preferred speed (m/min)

6
Funnel plot of comparison 1. Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, outcome: 1.14 mobility ‐ walking capacity (6‐Minute Walk Test (metres))

**1.1. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 Death.

**1.2. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 2 Disability ‐ Functional Independence Measure.

**1.3. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 3 Disability ‐ Barthel Index.

**1.4. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 4 Disability ‐ Rivermead Mobility Index (scale 0 to 15).

**1.5. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 5 Disability ‐ combined disability scales.

**1.6. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 6 Risk factors ‐ blood pressure, systolic.

**1.7. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 7 Risk factors ‐ blood pressure, diastolic.

**1.8. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 8 Risk factors ‐ body mass index (BMI).

**1.9. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 9 Physical fitness ‐ peak VO2.

**1.10. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 10 Physical fitness ‐ maximum cycling work rate.

**1.11. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 11 Mobility ‐ functional ambulation categories.

**1.12. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 12 Mobility ‐ walking maximal speed (over 5 to 10 metres).

**1.13. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 13 Mobility ‐ walking preferred speed.

**1.14. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 14 Mobility ‐ walking capacity (6‐MWT metres).

**1.15. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 15 Mobility ‐ walking capacity (m/min).

**1.16. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 16 Mobility ‐ community walk (min).

**1.17. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 17 Physical function ‐ Berg Balance Scale (score 0 to 56).

**1.18. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 18 Physical function ‐ Timed Up and Go (sec).

**1.19. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 19 Health‐related QoL ‐ SF‐36 & SF‐12 Physical Health Component.

**1.20. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 20 Health‐related QoL ‐ SF‐36 & SF‐12 Mental Health Component.

**1.21. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 21 Health‐related QoL ‐ EuroQol EQ‐5D.

**1.22. Analysis**
Comparison 1 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 22 Mood ‐ Beck Depression Index.

**2.1. Analysis**
Comparison 2 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 1 Death.

**2.2. Analysis**
Comparison 2 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability ‐ combined disability scales.

**2.3. Analysis**
Comparison 2 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mobility ‐ walking maximal speed (m/min).

**2.4. Analysis**
Comparison 2 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 4 Mobility ‐ walking preferred speed (m/min).

**2.5. Analysis**
Comparison 2 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 5 Mobility ‐ walking capacity (6‐MWT metres).

**2.6. Analysis**
Comparison 2 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 6 Physical function ‐ Berg Balance scale.

**2.7. Analysis**
Comparison 2 Cardiorespiratory training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 7 Health‐related QoL ‐ EuroQol EQ‐5D.

**3.1. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 Death.

**3.2. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 2 Physical fitness ‐ composite measure of muscle strength.

**3.3. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 3 Physical fitness ‐ muscle strength, paretic knee flexion.

**3.4. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 4 Physical fitness ‐ muscle strength, paretic knee extension.

**3.5. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 5 Mobility ‐ walking maximal speed (m/min).

**3.6. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 6 Mobility ‐ walking preferred speed (m/min).

**3.7. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 7 Mobility ‐ walking capacity (6‐MWT metres).

**3.8. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 8 Physical function ‐ Berg Balance Scale (score 0 to 56).

**3.9. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 9 Physical function ‐ stair climbing, maximal (sec/step).

**3.10. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 10 Physical function ‐ Timed Up and Go (sec).

**3.11. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 11 Health‐related QoL ‐ SF‐36 physical functioning (PF) scale.

**3.12. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 12 Health‐related QoL ‐ SF‐36 mental health (MH) scale.

**3.13. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 13 Mood ‐ Centre for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression scale (CES‐D).

**3.14. Analysis**
Comparison 3 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 14 Mood ‐ combined depression scales.

**4.1. Analysis**
Comparison 4 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 1 Death.

**4.2. Analysis**
Comparison 4 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 2 Mobility ‐ walking maximal speed (m/min).

**4.3. Analysis**
Comparison 4 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mobility ‐ walking capacity (6‐MWT metres).

**4.4. Analysis**
Comparison 4 Resistance training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 4 Physical function ‐ Timed Up and Go (sec).

**5.1. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 Death.

**5.2. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 2 Disability ‐ Barthel Index (BI).

**5.3. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 3 Disability ‐ Lawton IADL.

**5.4. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 4 Disability ‐ Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI).

**5.5. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 5 Disability ‐ combined disability scales.

**5.6. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 6 Risk factors ‐ blood pressure, systolic.

**5.7. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 7 Risk factors ‐ blood pressure, diastolic.

**5.8. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 8 Physical fitness ‐ peak VO2 (mL/kg/min).

**5.9. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 9 Physical fitness ‐ gait economy, VO2 (mL/kg/metre).

**5.10. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 10 Physical fitness ‐ muscle strength, ankle dorsiflexion*.

**5.11. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 11 Physical fitness ‐ muscle strength, knee extension*.

**5.12. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 12 Physical fitness ‐ muscle strength, grip strength (paretic hand).

**5.13. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 13 Mobility ‐ walking maximum speed.

**5.14. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 14 Mobility ‐ walking preferred speed (m/min).

**5.15. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 15 Mobility ‐ walking capacity (6‐MWT metres).

**5.16. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 16 Mobility ‐ Community Ambulation Speed (> 0.8 m/sec).

**5.17. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 17 Physical function ‐ balance ‐ Berg Balance scale.

**5.18. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 18 Physical function ‐ balance ‐ functional reach.

**5.19. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 19 Physical function ‐ balance ‐ combined outcome data.

**5.20. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 20 Physical function ‐ Timed Up and Go (sec).

**5.21. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 21 Health‐related QoL ‐ SF‐36 physical functioning.

**5.22. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 22 Health‐related QoL ‐ SF‐36 physical role functioning.

**5.23. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 23 Health‐related QoL ‐ SF‐36 social role functioning.

**5.24. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 24 Mood ‐ Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ‐ anxiety score.

**5.25. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 25 Mood ‐ Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ‐ depression score.

**5.26. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 26 Mood ‐ Stroke Impact Scale emotion score.

**5.27. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 27 Mood ‐ combined depression scales.

**5.28. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 28 Cognitive function ‐ FIM cognitive score.

**5.29. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 29 Cognitive function ‐ SIS memory and thinking.

**5.30. Analysis**
Comparison 5 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 30 Cognitive function ‐ SIS communication.

**6.1. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 1 Death.

**6.2. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability ‐ Barthel Index (BI).

**6.3. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 3 Disability ‐ Nottingham Extended ADL.

**6.4. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 4 Disability ‐ Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI).

**6.5. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 5 Disability ‐ combined disability scales.

**6.6. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 6 Mobility ‐ Functional Ambulation Categories.

**6.7. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 7 Mobility ‐ walking preferred speed (m/min).

**6.8. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 8 Mobility ‐ walking capacity (6‐MWT metres).

**6.9. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 9 Mobility ‐ community ambulation speed (> 0.8 m/sec).

**6.10. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 10 Physical function ‐ balance ‐ Berg Balance Scale.

**6.11. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 11 Physical function ‐ balance ‐ functional reach.

**6.12. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 12 Physical function ‐ Timed Up and Go (sec).

**6.13. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 13 Health‐related QoL ‐ SF‐36 physical functioning.

**6.14. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 14 Health‐related QoL ‐ SF‐36 physical role functioning.

**6.15. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 15 Mood ‐ Stroke Impact Scale emotion score.

**6.16. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 16 Mood ‐ Geriatric Depression Scale.

**6.17. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 17 Mood ‐ Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ‐ anxiety score.

**6.18. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 18 Mood ‐ Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ‐ depression score.

**6.19. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 19 Mood ‐ combined depression scales.

**6.20. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 20 Cognitive function ‐ FIM cognitive score.

**6.21. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 21 Cognitive function ‐ SIS memory and thinking.

**6.22. Analysis**
Comparison 6 Mixed training versus control ‐ end of retention follow‐up, Outcome 22 Cognitive function ‐ SIS communication.

**7.1. Analysis**
Comparison 7 Cardiorespiratory versus resistance versus mixed training, Outcome 1 Disability ‐ combined disability scales.

**7.2. Analysis**
Comparison 7 Cardiorespiratory versus resistance versus mixed training, Outcome 2 Mobility ‐ walking maximal speed.

**7.3. Analysis**
Comparison 7 Cardiorespiratory versus resistance versus mixed training, Outcome 3 Mobility ‐ walking preferred speed.

**7.4. Analysis**
Comparison 7 Cardiorespiratory versus resistance versus mixed training, Outcome 4 Mobility ‐ walking capacity (6‐MWT distance).

**7.5. Analysis**
Comparison 7 Cardiorespiratory versus resistance versus mixed training, Outcome 5 Physical Function ‐ Balance ‐ Berg Balance Scale.

**7.6. Analysis**
Comparison 7 Cardiorespiratory versus resistance versus mixed training, Outcome 6 Physical function ‐ Timed up and go.

References

References to studies included in this review Ada 2013 {published data only}

1. Ada L, Dean CM, Lindley R. Randomized trial of treadmill training to improve walking in community‐dwelling people after stroke: the AMBULATE trial. International Journal of Stroke 2013;8(6):436‐44.
1. Dean CM, Ada L, Lindley RI. Treadmill training provides greater benefit to the subgroup of community‐dwelling people after stroke who walk faster than 0.4m/s: a randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy 2014;60(2):97‐101.

Aidar 2016 {published data only}

1. Aidar FJ, Gama de Matos D, Jacó de Oliveira R, Carneiro AL, Cabral BG, Dantas PM, et al. Relationship between depression and strength training in survivors of the ischemic stroke. Journal of Human Kinetics 2014;43:7‐15.
1. Aidar FJ, Jacó de Oliveira R, Silva AJ, Gama de Matos D, Mazini Filho ML, Hickner RC, et al. The influence of resistance exercise training on the levels of anxiety in ischemic stroke. Stroke Research and Treatment 2012;2012:298‐375.
1. Aidar FJ, Jacó de Oliveira RJ, Gama de Matos D, Mazini Filho ML, Moreira OC, Oliveira CE, et al. A randomized trial investigating the influence of strength training on quality of life in ischemic stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2016;23(2):84‐9. [DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2015.1110307]

Aidar 2018 {published data only}

1. Aidar FJ, Jacó de Oliveira R, Gama de Matos D, Chilibeck PD, Carneiro AL, Machado Reis V. A randomized trial of the effects of an aquatic exercise program on depression, anxiety levels, and functional capacity of people who suffered an ischemic stroke. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2018;58(7‐8):1171‐7. [DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07284-X]
1. Aidar FJ, Silva AJ, Machado Reis V, Carniero A, Carniero‐Cotta S. A study on the quality of life in ischaemic vascular accidents and its relation to physical activity [Estudio de la calidad de vida en el accidente vascular isquémico y su relación con la acividad física]. Revista de Neurología 2007;45:518‐22.

Arabzadeh 2018 {published data only}

1. Arabzadeh S, Goljaryan S, Salahzadeh Z, Oskouei AE, Somee AS. Effects of a task‐oriented exercise program on balance in patients with hemiplegia following stroke. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2018; Vol. 20, issue 1:e38429.

Bale 2008 {published data only}

1. Bale M, Strand LI. Does functional strength training of the leg in subacute stroke improve physical performance? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2008;22(10‐11):911‐21.

Bateman 2001 {published and unpublished data}

1. Bateman A, Culpan FJ, Pickering AD, Powell JH, Scott OM, Greenwood RJ. The effect of aerobic training on rehabilitation outcomes after recent severe brain injury: a randomized controlled evaluation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82(2):174‐82.

Buyukvural 2015 {published data only}

1. Büyükvural SS, Ozbudak DS, Ekiz T, Ozgirgin N. Effects of the bilateral isokinetic strengthening training on functional parameters, gait, and the quality of life in patients with stroke. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2015;8(9):16871‐9.

Cooke 2010 {published data only}

1. Cooke E, Pomeroy VM, Miller S, Tallis RC. The effects of functional strength training on lower limb strength and function after stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006;21 Suppl 4:104.
1. Cooke E, Tallis R, Miller S, Pomeroy V. The effects of functional strength training on lower limb strength and function after stroke. UK Stroke Forum Conference. 2006.
1. Cooke E, Tallis R, Pomeroy V. The effects of different intensity of exercise‐based physiotherapy on motor recovery in the lower limb after stroke: a meta‐analysis. UK Stroke Forum Conference 4‐6 December 2007. The Stroke Association, 2007.
1. Cooke EV, Tallis RC, Clark A, Pomeroy VM. Efficacy of functional strength training on restoration of lower‐limb motor function early after stroke: phase I randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2010;24(1):88‐96.
1. Cooke EV, Tallis RC, Miller S, Pomeroy VM. The effects of functional strength training on lower limb strength and function after stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2008;25 Suppl 2:45‐6.
1. Cooke EV, Tallis RC, Miller S, Pomeroy VM. The effects of type and intensity of physiotherapy on lower limb strength and function after stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2007;23 Suppl 2:129.
1. Kerr A, Clark A, Cooke EV, Rowe P, Pomeroy VM. Functional strength training and movement performance therapy produce analogous improvement in sit‐to‐stand early after stroke: early‐phase randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy 2017;103(3):259‐65.

Coroian 2018 {published data only}

1. Coroian F, Froger J, Koang HY, Jourdan C, Bakhti K, Julia M, et al. Isokinetic muscular strengthening of upper limb versus passive movement in chronic stroke patients. Randomised controlled trial. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2016;59:e72.
1. Coroian F, Jourdan C, Bakhti K, Palayer C, Jaussent A, Picot MC, et al. Upper limb isokinetic strengthening versus passive mobilization in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2018;99(2):321‐8.

Cuviello‐Palmer 1988 {published data only}

1. Cuviello‐Palmer ED. Effect of the Kinetron II on Gait and Functional Outcome in Hemiplegic Subjects. Texas, USA: Texas Women's University, 1988.

da Cunha 2002 {published data only}

1. Lim PA, Henson H, Cunha I, Qureshy H, Monga TN, Protas EJ. Body weight‐supported gait training in stroke patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;79(2):203.
1. Cunha IT, Lim PA, Qureshy H, Henson H, Monga T, Protas EJ. A comparison of regular rehabilitation with supported treadmill ambulation training for acute stroke patients. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2001;38(2):245‐55.
1. Cunha IT, Lim PA, Qureshy H, Henson H, Monga T, Protas EJ. Gait outcomes after acute stroke rehabilitation with supported treadmill training: a randomized controlled pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002;83(9):1258‐65.

Dean 2018 {published data only}

1. Dean S, Calitri R, Shepherd A, Hollands L, Poltawski L, James M, et al. Community‐based rehabilitation training after stroke (ReTrain): results of a pilot randomised control trial (RCT). International Journal of Stroke 2016;11(4 Suppl 1):13.
1. Dean SG, Poltawski L, Forster A, Taylor RS, Spencer A, James M, et al. Community‐based rehabilitation training after stroke: protocol of a pilot randomised controlled trial (ReTrain). BMJ Open 2016;6(10):e012375.
1. Dean SG, Poltawski L, Forster A, Taylor RS, Spencer A, James M, et al. Community‐based rehabilitation training after stroke: results of a pilot randomised controlled trial (ReTrain) investigating acceptability and feasibility. BMJ Open 2018;8(2):e018409.
1. Hollands H, Calitri R, Shepherd A, Poltawski L, Norris M, Taylor R, et al. The ReTrain trial: evaluating intervention fidelity via video analysis of the independently getting up off the floor (IGO) technique. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11(4 Suppl 1):58‐9.

Donaldson 2009 {published data only}

1. Donaldson C, Tallis R, Miller S, Sunderland A, Lemon R, Pomeroy V. Effects of conventional physical therapy and functional strength training on upper limb motor recovery after stroke: a randomized phase II study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009;23(4):389‐97.
1. Donaldson C, Tallis R, Miller S, Sunderland A, Lemon R, Pomeroy V. The effects of current physical therapy and functional strength training on upper limb function and neuromuscular weakness after stroke: a pilot study (Abst. poster 156). UK Stroke Forum Conference. The Stroke Association, 4‐6 December 2007.
1. Donaldson C, Tallis R, Pomeroy V. The effects of current physical therapy and functional strength training on upper limb function and neuromuscular weakness after stroke: a pilot study. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2007;23 Suppl 2:130.

Duncan 1998 {published data only}

1. Duncan P, Richards L, Wallace D, Stoker‐Yates J, Pohl P, Luchies C, et al. A randomized, controlled pilot study of a home‐based exercise program for individuals with mild and moderate stroke. Stroke 1998;29(10):2055‐60.

Duncan 2003 {published data only}

1. Duncan P, Studenski S, Richards L, Gollub S, Lai SM, Reker D, et al. Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke. Stroke 2003;34(9):2173‐80.
1. Lai SM, Studenski S, Richards L, Perera S, Reker D, Rigler S, et al. Therapeutic exercise and depressive symptoms after stroke. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2006;54:240‐7.
1. Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006;54:743‐9.
1. Schmid A, Duncan PW, Studenski S, Lai SM, Richards L, Perera S, et al. Improvements in speed‐based gait classifications are meaningful. Stroke 2007;38:2096‐100.
1. Studenski S, Duncan PW, Perera S, Reker D, Lai SM, Richards L. Daily functioning and quality of life in a randomized controlled trial of therapeutic exercise for subacute stroke survivors. Stroke 2005;36(8):1764‐70.

Eich 2004 {published data only}

1. Eich HJ, Hesse S, Mach H. Aerobic endurance training of hemiparetic patients who are able to walk. Results of a prospective randomised study. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 2003;54(7/8):S98.
1. Eich HJ, Mach H, Werner C, Hesse S. Aerobic treadmill plus Bobath walking training improves walking in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;18(6):640‐51.
1. Eich HJ, Parchmann H, Hesse S, Mach H, Werner C. Aerobic treadmill training plus physiotherapy improves walking ability in subacute stroke patients. A randomized controlled study. Neurologie und Rehabilitation 2004;10(4):187‐216.
1. Fitch S, Elkins M, Moseley A. Was CAP summary faithful?. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2005;51:265‐6.
1. Hesse S, Eich HJ, Mach H, Parchmann H, Werner C. Aerobic treadmill training plus physiotherapy improves walking speed and capacity in subacute, moderately affected patients after stroke. Neurologie und Rehabilitation 2005;11(1):7‐12.
1. Moseley A. Treadmill training more effective than Bobath training in improving walking following stroke. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2005;51(3):192.

Fernandez‐Gonzalo 2016 {published data only}

1. Fernandez‐Gonzalo R, Fernandez‐Gonzalo S, Turon M, Prieto C, Tesch PA, Garcia‐Carreira MD. Muscle, functional and cognitive adaptations after flywheel resistance training in stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2016;13(1):37.

Flansbjer 2008 {published data only}

1. Flansbjer UB, Lexell J, Brogardh C. Long‐term benefits of progressive resistance training in chronic stroke: a 4‐year follow‐up. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2012;44(3):218‐21.
1. Flansbjer UB, Miller M, Downham D, Lexell J. Progressive resistance training after stroke: effects on muscle strength, muscle tone, gait performance and perceived participation. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;40(1):42‐8.
1. Flansbjer UB, Miller M, Lexell J. Progressive resistance training after stroke: effects on muscle function, gait performance and perceived participation. Stroke Rehabilitation 2006. Evidence for Stroke Rehabilitation ‐ Bridging into the Future. Goteborg, 2006.

Furnari 2014 {published data only}

1. Furnari A, Calabro RS, Gervasi G, Fauci‐Belponer F, Marzo A, Berbiglia F, et al. Is hydrokinesitherapy effective on gait and balance in patients with stroke? A clinical and baropodometric investigation. Brain Injury 2014;28(8):1109‐14.

Galvin 2011 {published data only}

1. Galvin R, Cusack T, O'Grady E, Murphy TB, Stokes E. Family‐mediated exercise intervention (FAME): evaluation of a novel form of exercise delivery after stroke. Stroke 2011;42(3):681‐6.
1. Galvin R, Stokes E, Cusack T. Family‐mediated exercises (FAME): an exploration of participant's involvement in a novel form of exercise delivery after stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2014;21(1):63‐74.

Glasser 1986 {published data only}

1. Glasser L. Effects of isokinetic training on the rate of movement during ambulation in hemiparetic patients. Physical Therapy 1986;66(5):673‐6.

Globas 2012 {published data only}

1. Globas C, Becker C, Cerny J, Lam JM, Lindemann U, Forrester LW, et al. Chronic stroke survivors benefit from high‐intensity aerobic treadmill exercise: a randomized control trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2012;26(1):85‐95.
1. MacKay‐Lyons M. Aerobic treadmill training effectively enhances cardiovascular fitness and gait function for older persons with chronic stroke. Journal of Physiotherapy 2012;58(4):271.

Gordon 2013 {published data only}

1. Gordon CD, Wilks R, McCaw‐Binns A. Effect of aerobic exercise (walking) training on functional status and health‐related quality of life in chronic stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2013;44(4):1179‐81.

Inaba 1973 {published data only}

1. Inaba M, Edberg E, Montgomery J, Gillis MK. Effectiveness of functional training, active exercise, and resistive exercise for patients with hemiplegia. Physical Therapy 1973;53(1):28‐35.

Ivey 2010 {published data only}

1. Ivey FM, Hafer‐Macko CE, Ryan AS, Macko RF. Impaired leg vasodilatory function after stroke: adaptations with treadmill exercise training. Stroke 2010;41(12):2913‐7.

Ivey 2011 {published data only}

1. Ivey FM, Ryan AS, Hafer‐Macko CE, Macko RF. Improved cerebral vasomotor reactivity after exercise training in hemiparetic stroke survivors. Stroke 2011;42(7):1994‐2000.

Ivey 2017 {published data only}

1. Ivey FM, Prior SJ, Hafer‐Macko CE, Katzel LI, Macko RF, Ryan AS. Strength training for skeletal muscle endurance after stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2017;26(4):787‐94.

James 2002 {unpublished data only}

1. James JE. Closed kinetic chain training to enhance muscle power, control and retrain dynamic balance under task specific conditions improves functional walking ability in chronic stroke survivors. Dublin, Ireland: National University of Ireland, 2002.

Jin 2013 {published data only}

1. Jin H, Jiang Y, Wei Q, Chen L, Ma G. Effects of aerobic cycling training on cardiovascular fitness and heart rate recovery in patients with chronic stroke. NeuroRehabilitation 2013;32(2):327‐35.

Kang 2012 {published data only}

1. Kang HK, Kim Y, Chung Y, Hwang S. Effects of treadmill training with optic flow on balance and gait in individuals following stroke: randomized controlled trials. Clinical Rehabilitation 2012;26(3):246‐55.

Katz‐Leurer 2003 {published data only}

1. Katz‐Leurer M, Carmeli E, Shochina M. The effect of early aerobic training on independence six months post stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17(7):735.
1. Katz‐Leurer M, Seren I, Keren O, Dvir Z. The influence of early cycling training on balance in stroke patients at the subacute stage. Results of a preliminary trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;20:398‐405.
1. Katz‐Leurer M, Shochina M. The influence of autonomic impairment on aerobic exercise outcome in stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation 2007;22(4):267‐72.
1. Katz‐Leurer M, Shochina M, Carmeli E, Friedlander Y. The influence of early aerobic training on the functional capacity in patients with cerebrovascular accident at the subacute stage. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84:1609‐14.

Kim 2001 {published data only}

1. Kim CM, Eng JJ, MacIntyre DL, Dawson AS. Effects of isokinetic strength training on walking in persons with stroke: a double‐blind controlled pilot study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2001;10(6):265‐73.

Kim 2014 {published data only}

1. Kim M, Cho K, Lee W. Community walking training program improves walking function and social participation in chronic stroke patients. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2014;234(4):281‐6.

Kim 2016a {published data only}

1. Kim SM, Han EY, Kim BR, Hyun CW. Clinical application of circuit training for subacute stroke patients: a preliminary study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(1):169‐74.

Kim 2017a {published data only}

1. Kim J, Yim J. Effects of an exercise protocol for improving handgrip strength and walking speed on cognitive function in patients with chronic stroke. Medical Science Monitor 2017;23:5402‐9.

Knox 2018 {published data only}

1. Knox M, Stewart A, Richards CL. Six hours of task‐oriented training optimizes walking competency post stroke: a randomized controlled trial in the public health‐care system of South Africa. Clinical Rehabilitation 2018;32(8):1057‐68.

Kuys 2011 {published data only}

1. Kuys SS, Brauer SG, Ada L. Higher‐intensity treadmill walking during rehabilitation after stroke in feasible and not detrimental to walking pattern or quality: a pilot randomized trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2011;25(4):316‐26.

Langhammer 2007 {published data only}

1. Langhammer B, Lindmark B, Stanghelle JK. Stroke patients and long‐term training: is it worthwhile? A randomized comparison of two different training strategies after rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(6):495‐510.
1. Langhammer B, Lindmark B, Stanghelle KJ. Activity and exercise in a long perspective. A solution for chronic stroke patients?. Stroke Rehab 2006. Evidence for Stroke Rehabilitation ‐ Bridging into the Future. Goteborg, 2006.

Lee 2013a {published data only}

1. Lee NK, Kwon JW, Son SM, Kang KW, Kim K, Hyun‐Nam S. The effects of closed and open kinetic chain exercises on lower limb muscle activity and balance in stroke survivors. NeuroRehabilitation 2013;33(1):177‐83.

Lee 2013b {published data only}

1. Lee NK, Kwon JW, Son SM, Nam SH, Choi YW, Kim CS. Changes of plantar pressure distributions following open and closed kinetic chain exercise in patients with stroke. NeuroRehabilitation 2013;32(2):385‐90.

Lennon 2008 {published data only}

1. Lennon O, Carey A, Gaffney N, Stephenson J, Blake C. A pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the benefit of the cardiac rehabilitation paradigm for the non‐acute ischaemic stroke population. Clinical Rehabilitation 2008;22(2):125‐33.

Letombe 2010 {published data only}

1. Letombe A, Cornille C, Delahaye H, Khaled A, Morice O, Tomaszewski A, et al. Early post‐stroke physical conditioning in hemiplegic patients: a preliminary study. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2010;53(10):632‐42.

MacKay‐Lyons 2013 {published data only}

1. MacKay‐Lyons M, McDonald A, Matheson J, Eskes G, Klus MA. Dual effects of body‐weight supported treadmill training on cardiovascular fitness and walking ability early after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2013;27(7):644‐53.

Mao 2015 {published data only}

1. Mao YR, Lo WL, Lin Q, Li L, Xiao X, Raghavan P, et al. The effect of body weight support treadmill training on gait recovery, proximal lower limb motor pattern, and balance in patients with subacute stroke. BioMed Research International 2015;2015:175719.

Mead 2007 {published data only}

1. Mead G. Exercise or relaxation after stroke?. BMJ 2005;330(7503):1337.
1. Mead GE, Greig CA, Cunningham I, Lewis SJ, Dinan S, Saunders DH, et al. Stroke: a randomised trial of exercise or relaxation. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(6):892‐9.
1. Mead GE, Greig CA, Cunningham I, Lewis SJ, Dinan S, Saunders DH, et al. Stroke: a randomised trial of exercise or relaxation. UK Stroke Forum Conference 4‐6 December 2007. Harrogate, UK: The Stroke Association, 2007.

Moore 2010 {published data only}

1. Moore JL, Roth EJ, Killian C, Hornby TG. Locomotor training improves daily stepping activity and gait efficiency in individuals poststroke who have reached a "plateau" in recovery. Stroke 2010;41(1):129‐35.

Moore 2015 {published data only}

1. Moore S, Hallsworth K, Jakovljevic D, Blamire A, He J, Ford G, et al. Effects of exercise therapy on metabolic risk factors, brain atrophy and cerebral blood flow following stroke: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2014;9 Suppl 4:32.
1. Moore SA, Hallsworth K, Jakovljevic DG, Blamire AM, He J, Ford GA, et al. Effects of community exercise therapy on metabolic, brain, physical, and cognitive function following stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015;29(7):623‐35.
1. Moore SA, Jakovljevic DG, Ford GA, Rochester L, Trenell MI. Exercise induces peripheral muscle but not cardiac output adaptations after stroke. A randomised controlled pilot trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2016;97(4):596‐603.

Mudge 2009 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12607000081415. The impact of a group exercise programme on usual walking performance in adults who are at least 6 months post stroke: a single blinded randomised controlled trial. (first received 24 January 2007).
1. Mudge S, Barber PA, Stott NS. Circuit‐based rehabilitation improves gait endurance but not usual walking activity in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009;90(12):1989‐96.

Ouellette 2004 {published data only}

1. Ouellette MM, LeBrasseur NK, Bean JF, Phillips E, Stein J, Frontera WR, et al. High‐intensity resistance training improves muscle strength, self‐reported function, and disability in long‐term stroke survivors. Stroke 2004;35(6):1404‐9.

Park 2011 {published data only}

1. Park HJ, Oh DW, Kim SY, Choi JD. Effectiveness of community‐based ambulation training for walking function of post‐stroke hemiparesis: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2011;25(5):451‐9.

Pohl 2002 {published data only}

1. Pohl M, Mehrholz J, Ritschel C, Ruckriem S. Speed‐dependent treadmill training in ambulatory hemiparetic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2002;33(2):553‐8.

Potempa 1995 {published data only}

1. Potempa K, Lopez M, Braun LT, Szidon JP, Fogg L, Tincknell T. Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients. Stroke 1995;26(1):101‐5.

Richards 1993 {published data only}

1. Malouin F, Richards CL, Wood‐Dauphinee S, Williams JI. A randomized controlled trial comparing early and intensive task‐specific therapy to conventional therapy in acute stroke patients. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation 1993;7(1):27‐8.
1. Richards CL, Malouin F, Wood‐Dauphinee S, Williams JI, Bouchard JP, Brunet D. Task‐specific physical therapy for optimization of gait recovery in acute stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993;74(6):612‐20.

Richards 2004 {published data only}

1. Richards CL, Malouin F, Bravo G, Dumas F, Wood‐Dauphinee S. The role of technology in task‐oriented training in persons with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2004;18(4):199‐211.

Salbach 2004 {published data only}

1. Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Robichaud‐Ekstrand S, Hanley JA, Richards CL, Wood‐Dauphinee S. The effect of a task‐oriented walking intervention on improving balance self‐efficacy poststroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(4):576‐82.
1. Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Wood‐Dauphinee S, Hanley JA, Richards CL, Côté R. A task‐orientated intervention enhances walking distance and speed in the first year post stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;18(5):509‐19.

Sandberg 2016 {published data only}

1. Sandberg K, Kleist M, Falk L, Enthoven P. Effects of twice‐weekly intense aerobic exercise in early subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2016;97(8):1244‐53.
1. Wijkman MO, Sandberg K, Kleist M, Falk L, Enthoven P. The exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise in the sub‐acute phase after stroke is not affected by aerobic exercise. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2018;20(1):56‐64.

Shin 2011 {published data only}

1. Shin WS, Lee SW, Lee YW, Choi SB, Song CH. Effects of combined exercise training on balance of hemiplegic stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2011;23(4):639‐43.

Sims 2009 {published data only}

1. Sims J. Regenerate: a strength training program to enhance the physical and mental health of chronic post stroke patients with depression. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) . 2005.
1. Sims J, Galea M, Taylor N, Dodd K, Jespersen S, Joubert L, et al. Regenerate: assessing the feasibility of a strength‐training program to enhance the physical and mental health of chronic post stroke patients with depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009;24(1):76‐83.

Smith 2008 {published data only}

1. Smith PS, Thompson M. Treadmill training post stroke: are there any secondary benefits? A pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2008;22(10‐11):997‐1002.

Son 2014 {published data only}

1. Son SM, Park MK, Lee NK. Influence of resistance exercise training to strengthen muscles across multiple joints of the lower limbs on dynamic balance functions of stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2014;26(8):1267‐9.

Takami 2010 {published data only}

1. Takami A, Wakayama S. Effects of partial body weight support while training acute stroke patients to walk backwards on a treadmill: a controlled clinical trial using randomized allocation. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2010;22(2):177‐87.

Taylor‐Pilliae 2014 {published data only}

1. Taylor‐Piliae RE, Coull BM. Community‐based Yang‐style Tai Chi is safe and feasible in chronic stroke: a pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2012;26(2):121‐31.
1. Taylor‐Pilliae RE, Hoke TM, Hepworth JT, Latt LD, Najafi B, Coull BM. Effect of Tai Chi on physical function, fall rates and quality of life among older stroke survivors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2014;95:816‐24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.001]

Teixeira 1999 {published data only}

1. Teixeira L, Nadeau S, Olney S, McBride I, Culham E, Zee B. The impact of a muscle strengthening and physical conditioning program on gait and stair climbing performance in chronic stroke subjects. Gait and Posture 1998;7(2):144‐5.
1. Teixeira‐Salmela LF, Nadeau S, McBride I, Olney SJ. Effects of muscle strengthening and physical conditioning training on temporal, kinematic and kinetic variables during gait in chronic stroke survivors. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2001;33(2):53‐60.
1. Teixeira‐Salmela LF, Olney SJ, Nadeau S, Brouwer B. Muscle strengthening and physical conditioning to reduce impairment and disability in chronic stroke survivors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80(10):1211‐8.

Toledano‐Zarhi 2011 {published data only}

1. Toledano‐Zarhi A, Tanne D, Carmeli E, Katz‐Leurer M. Feasibility, safety and efficacy of an early aerobic rehabilitation program for patients after minor ischemic stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation 2011;28(2):85‐90.

Topcuoglu 2015 {published data only}

1. Topcuoglu A, Gokkaya NK, Ucan H, Karaku D. The effect of upper‐extremity aerobic exercise on complex regional pain syndrome type I: a randomized controlled study on subacute stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2015; Vol. 22, issue 4:253‐61.

Van de Port 2012 {published data only}

1. Dean C. Group task‐specific circuit training for patients discharged home after stroke may be as effective as individualised physiotherapy in improving mobility. Journal of Physiotherapy 2012;58(4):269.
1. Port IG, Wevers LE, Lindeman E, Kwakkel G. Effects of circuit training as alternative to usual physiotherapy after stroke: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012;344:e2672.
1. Port IG, Wevers L, Roelse H, Kats L, Lindeman E, Kwakkel G. Cost‐effectiveness of a structured progressive task‐oriented circuit class training programme to enhance walking competency after stroke: the protocol of the FIT‐Stroke trial. BMC Neurology 2009;9:43.

Vanroy 2017 {published data only}

1. Vanroy C, Feys H, Swinnen A, Vanlandewijck Y, Truijen S, Vissers D, et al. Effectiveness of active cycling in subacute stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017;98(8):1576‐85.
1. Vanroy C, Vanlandewijck Y, Cras P, Truijen S, Vissers D, Swinnen A, et al. Does a cycling program combined with education and followed by coaching promote physical activity in subacute stroke patients? A randomized controlled trial. Disability and Rehabilitation 2019;41(4):413‐21.

Verheyden 2009 {published data only}

1. Verheyden G, Vereeck L, Truijen S, Troch M, Lafosse C, Saeys W, et al. Additional exercises improve trunk performance after stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009;23(3):281‐6.

Wang 2014 {published data only}

1. Wang Z, Wang L, Fan H, Lu X, Wang T. Effect of low‐intensity ergometer aerobic training on glucose tolerance in severely impaired nondiabetic stroke patients. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2014;23(3):e187‐93.

Winstein 2004 {published data only}

1. Rose DK, Winstein CJ, Tan SM, Azen SP, Chui HC. Comparison of upper extremity intervention strategies at six and nine months post‐stroke. Neurology Report 2001;25(4):130.
1. Rose DK, Winstein CJ, Yang AN, Weiss WB, Tan SM, Azen SP, et al. Relationship between upper extremity function and impairment in individuals with unilateral stroke. Neurology Report 1999;23(5):186.
1. Winstein CJ, Rose DK, Chui HC, Yang AN, Weiss WB, Tan SM, et al. Recovery and rehabilitation of arm use after stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2001;10(4):197.
1. Winstein CJ, Rose DK, Tan SM, Lewthwaite R, Chui HC, Azen SP. A randomized controlled comparison of upper‐extremity rehabilitation strategies in acute stroke: a pilot study of immediate and long‐term outcomes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004;85(4):620‐8.

Yang 2006 {published data only}

1. Yang YR, Wang RY, Lin KH, Chu MY, Chan RC. Task‐oriented progressive resistance strength training improves muscle strength and functional performance in individuals with stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;20:860‐70.

Yang 2014 {published data only}

1. Yang HC, Lee CL, Lin R, Hsu MJ, Chen CH, Lin JH, et al. Effect of biofeedback cycling training on functional recovery and walking ability of lower extremity in patients with stroke. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2014;30(1):35‐42.

Zedlitz 2012 {published data only}

1. Zedlitz AM, Rietveld TC, Geurts AC, Fasotti L. Cognitive and graded activity training can alleviate persistent fatigue after stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2012;43(4):1046‐51.

Zou 2015 {published data only}

1. Zou J, Wang Z, Qu Q, Wang L. Resistance training improves hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, highly prevalent among nonelderly, nondiabetic, chronically disabled stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2015; Vol. 96, issue 7:1291‐6.

References to studies excluded from this review Alabdulwahab 2015 {published data only}

1. Alabdulwahab SS, Ahmad F, Singh H. Effects of functional limb overloading on symmetrical weight bearing, walking speed, perceived mobility, and community participation among patients with chronic stroke. Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2015;2015:241519. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/241519]

Askim 2018 {published data only}

1. Askim T, Langhammer B, Gunnes M, Ihle‐Hansen H, Indredavik B. Life after stroke‐the LAST study. International Journal of Stroke 2015;10 Suppl 2:419. [DOI: ]
1. Askim T, Langhammer B, Ihle‐Hansen H, Gunnes M, Lydersen St, Indredavik B. Efficacy and safety of individualized coaching after stroke: the LAST study (Life After Stroke): a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2018;49(2):426‐32.
1. Askim T, Langhammer B, Ihle‐Hansen H, Lydersen S, Gunnes M, Indredavik B. Effect of an individualized prolonged follow up programme for maintenance of motor function after stroke‐the LAST study. A multisite randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11 Suppl 3:21. [DOI: ]
1. Askim T, Langhammer B, Ihle‐Hansen H, Mari G, Stian L, Bent I. A randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of a long‐term follow‐up programme aiming to maintain motor function after stroke: the life after stroke (LAST) study. European Stroke Journal 2016;1 Suppl 1:727. [DOI: 10.1177/2396987316642910]
1. Gunnes M, Langhammer B, Aamot IL, Lydersen S, Schroeter W, Reneflot K, et al. How well do stroke survivors adhere to an 18‐month physical activity and exercise programme? secondary results from a randomised controlled trial. Gait and Posture 2017;57 Suppl 1:166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.367]

Awad 2015 {published data only}

1. Awad A, Shaker H, Shendy W. Effect of shoulder girdle strengthening on trunk alignment in patients with stroke. Physiotherapy 2015;101 Suppl 1:eS1378‐eS1379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.1320]

Baer 2018 {published data only}

1. Baer GD, Salisbury LG, Smith MT, Pitman J, Dennis M. Treadmill training to improve mobility for people with sub‐acute stroke: a phase II feasibility randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2018;32(2):201‐12. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215517720486]

Bang 2014 {published data only}

1. Bang D‐H, Shin W‐S, Noh H‐J, Song M‐S. Effect of unstable surface training on walking ability in stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2014;26(11):1689‐91.

Bernhardt 2018 {published data only}

1. Bernhardt J, Churilov L, Langhorne P, Pandian J, Dewey H, Shrikanth V, et al. Determining optimal early rehabilitation after stroke (avertdose): a multi‐arm covariate‐adjusted, response‐adaptive randomised controlled trial. European Stroke Journal 2018;3 Suppl 1:612. [DOI: 10.1177/2396987318773967]
1. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Langhorne P, Pandian J, Thijs V, Churilov L, et al. Avert‐dose (determining optimal early rehabilitation after stroke): a planned international randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11 Suppl 3:226‐7. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493016670567]

Boss 2017 {published data only}

1. Boss HM, Deijle IA, Schaik SM, Melker EC, Berg BT, Weinstein HC, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness after transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic stroke: baseline data of the MoveIT study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2017;26(5):1114‐20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.029]
1. Boss HM, Schaik MS, Deijle IA, Melker EC, Berg BT, Scherder EJA, et al. A randomised controlled trial of aerobic exercise after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke to prevent cognitive decline: the MoveIt study protocol. BMJ Open 2015;4(12):e007065. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007065]
1. Boss HM, Schaik SM, Deijle IA, Melker EC, Berg BT, Scherder EJ, et al. A randomised control trial of aerobic exercise after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke to prevent cognitive decline: the MOVEIT study protocol. BMJ Open 2014;4(12):e007065.
1. Boss HM, Schaik SM, Deijle IA, Melker EC, Berg BT, Scherder EJ, et al. A randomised controlled trial of aerobic exercise after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke to prevent cognitive decline: the MoveIT study. European Stroke Journal 2018;3 Suppl 1:91. [DOI: 10.1177/2396987318770127]
1. Boss HM, Schaik SM, Deijle IA, Melker EC, Berg BT, Scherder EJ, et al. Safety and feasibility of post‐stroke care and exercise after minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: MotiveS & MoveIT. NeuroRehabilitation 2014;34:401‐7.

Brauer 2018 {published data only}

1. Brauer SG, Kuys SS, Paratz JD, Ada L. Improving physical activity after stroke via treadmill training and self management (IMPACT): a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2018;18:1‐8. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1015-6]
1. Brauer SG, Kuys SS, Waters L, Paratz JD, Ada L. The stroke‐IMPACT trial (improving physical activity via treadmill training): a single blinded randomised controlled trial protocol. International Journal of Stroke 2014;9 Suppl 1:46.

Brouwer 2018 {published data only}

1. Brouwer B, Bryant D, Garland JS. Effectiveness of client‐centered "tune‐ups" on community reintegration, mobility, and quality of life after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2018;99(7):1325‐32.

Buyukavci 2016 {published data only}

1. Buyukavci R, Sahin F, Sag S, Dogu B, Kuran B. The impact of additional trunk balance exercises on balance, functional condition and ambulation in early stroke patients: randomized controlled trial. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2016;62(3):248‐56. [DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2016.84770]

Cabanas‐Valdés 2017 {published data only}

1. Cabanas Valdes R, German Romero A, Girabent Farres M, Bagur Calafat C, Caballero Gomez MF, Gerard UC. Long‐term follow‐up effects of additional core stability exercises training on improving dynamic sitting balance for stroke patients. A randomized controlled trial. European Stroke Journal 2016;1 Suppl 1:341. [DOI: 10.1177/2396987316642909]
1. Cabanas‐Valdés R, Bagur‐Calafat C, Girabent‐Farrés M, Caballero‐Gómez FM, Hernández‐Valiño M, Urrutia Cuchi G. The effect of additional core stability exercises on improving dynamic sitting balance and trunk control for subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2016;30(10):1024‐33.
1. Cabanas‐Valdés R, Bagur‐Calafat C, Girabent‐Farrés M, Caballero‐Gómez FM, du Port de Pontcharra‐Serra H, German‐Romero A, et al. Long‐term follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial on additional core stability exercises training for improving dynamic sitting balance and trunk control in stroke patients. Clinical Rehabilitation 2017;31(11):1492‐9. [DOI: 10.1177/026921551770180]
1. NCT01864382. "Core stability" exercises to improve sitting balance in stroke patients (Fisionet) [Effects of the inclusion of exercises "Core Stability" in the treatment of inpatient physiotherapy to improve balance in post‐stroke patients sitting in subacute phase. Randomized clinical trial]. (first received 29 May 2013).

Choi 2015 {published data only}

1. Choi JU, Kang SH. The effects of patient‐centered task‐oriented training on balance activities of daily living and self‐efficacy following stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(9):2985‐8. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2985]

Choi 2017 {published data only}

1. Choi YK, Kim K, Choi, JU. Effects of stair task training on walking ability in stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2017;29(2):235‐7. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.235]

Chua 2016 {published data only}

1. Chua J, Culpan J, Menon E. Efficacy of an electromechanical gait trainer poststroke in Singapore: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2016;97(5):683‐90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.12.025]

Dong Hyun 2016 {published data only}

1. Kim DH, Jang SH. Effects of an upper‐limb exercise program for improving muscular strength and range of movement on respiratory function of stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(10):2785‐8.

Dubey 2018 {published data only}

1. Dubey L, Karthikbabu S, Mohan, D. Effects of pelvic stability training on movement control, hip muscles strength, walking speed and daily activities after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Neurosciences 2018;25:80‐9. [DOI: 10.1159/000486273]

English 2015 {published data only}

1. English C, Bernhardt J, Crotty M, Esterman A, Segal L, Hillier S. Circuit class therapy or seven‐day week therapy for increasing rehabilitation intensity of therapy after stroke (CIRCIT): a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2015;10(4):594‐602. [DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12470]
1. English C, Bernhardt J, Crotty M, Esterman A, Segal L, Watts J, et al. Circuit class therapy reduces length of rehabilitation stay, but weekend therapy does not. An exploratory secondary analysis of the CIRCIT trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2016;42 Suppl 1:6. [DOI: 10.1159/000447732]

Faulkner 2014 {published data only}

1. Faulkner J, Lanford J, Lambrick D, Stoner L, Woolley B, Donnell T, et al. The efficacy of early exercise engagement as a secondary prevention strategy for stroke and TIA: study protocol and recruitment feasibility. International Journal of Stroke 2014;9 Suppl 1:36.

Faulkner 2015 {published data only}

1. Faulkner J, McGonigal G, Woolley B, Stoner L, Wong L, Lambrick D. A randomized controlled trial to assess the psychosocial effects of early exercise engagement in patients diagnosed with transient ischaemic attack and mild, non‐disabling stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation 2015;29(8):783‐94. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215514555729]

Faulkner 2017a {published data only}

1. Faulkner J, Stoner L, Lanford J, Jolliffe E, Mitchelmore A, Lambrick D. Long‐term effect of participation in an early exercise and education program on clinical outcomes and cost implications, in patients with TIA and minor, non‐disabling stroke. Translational Stroke Research 2017;8(3):220‐7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0510-6]

Graef 2016 {published data only}

1. Graef P, Michaelsen SM, Dadalt ML, Rodrigues DA, Pereira F, Pagnussat AS. Effects of functional and analytical strength training on upper‐extremity activity after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2016;20(6):543‐52. [DOI: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0187]

Gunnes 2017 {published data only}

1. Gunnes M, Langhammer B, Aamot IL, Lydersen S, Schroeter W, Reneflot K, et al. How well do stroke survivors adhere to an 18‐month physical activity and exercise programme? Secondary results from a randomised controlled trial. Gait and Posture 2017;57 Suppl 1:199.

Hahn 2015 {published data only}

1. Hahn J, Shin S, Lee W. The effect of modified trampoline training on balance, gait, and falls efficacy of stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(11):3351‐4. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3351]

Haruyama 2017 {published data only}

1. Haruyama K, Kawakami M, Otsuka T. Effect of core stability training on trunk function, standing balance, and mobility in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2017;31(3):240‐9.

Hendrey 2018 {published data only}

1. Hendrey G, Clark RA, Holland AE, Mentiplay BF, Davis C, Windfeld‐Lund C, et al. Feasibility of ballistic strength training in sub‐acute stroke: a randomized, controlled, assessor‐blinded pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2018;99(12):2430‐46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.04.032]

Heron 2017 {published data only}

1. Heron N, Kee F, Mant J, Reilly PM, Cupples M, Tully M, et al. Stroke Prevention Rehabilitation Intervention Trial of Exercise (SPRITE) ‐ a randomised feasibility study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2017;17(1):290. [DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0717-9]

Hillier 2014 {published data only}

1. Hillier S, English C, Bernhardt J, Crotty M, Esterman A, Segal L. Circuit class and 7‐day week therapy for increasing rehabilitation intensity of therapy after stroke (CIRCIT): six month follow‐up and cost analysis of the CIRCIT RCT. International Journal of Stroke 2014;9 Suppl 3:22.

Hornby 2016 {published data only}

1. Hornby TG, Holleran CL, Hennessy PW, Leddy AL, Connolly M, Camardo J, et al. Variable Intensive Early Walking postStroke (VIEWS): a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2016;30(5):440‐50.
1. Leddy AL, Connolly M, Holleran CL, Hennessy PW, Woodward J, Arena RA, et al. Alterations in aerobic exercise performance and gait economy following high‐intensity dynamic stepping training in persons with subacute stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2016;40(4):239‐48. [DOI: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000147]
1. Mahtani GB, Kinnaird CR, Connolly M, Holleran CL, Hennessy PW, Woodward J, et al. Altered sagittal‐ and frontal‐plane kinematics following high‐intensity stepping training versus conventional interventions in subacute stroke. Physical Therapy 2017;97(3):320‐9. [DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20160281]

Hubbard 2015 {published data only}

1. Hubbard IJ, Carey LM, Budd TW, Levi C, McElduff P, Hudson S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of early upper‐limb training on stroke recovery and brain activation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015;29(8):703‐13. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968314562647]

Hunter 2018 {published data only}

1. Hunter SM, Johansen‐Berg H, Ward N, Kennedy NC, Chandler E, Weir CJ, et al. Functional strength training and movement performance therapy for upper limb recovery early poststroke‐efficacy, neural correlates, predictive markers, and cost‐effectiveness: FAST‐INdiCATE trial. Frontiers in Neurology 2018;25(8):733. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00733]

Immink 2014 {published data only}

1. Immink MA, Hillier S, Petkov J. Randomized controlled trial of yoga for chronic poststroke hemiparesis: motor function, mental health, and quality of life outcomes. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2014;21(3):256‐71. [DOI: 10.1310/tsr2103-256]

Kim 2016b {published data only}

1. Kim N, Lee B, Kim Y, Min W. Effects of virtual reality treadmill training on community balance confidence and gait in people post‐stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Experimental Stroke and Translational Medicine 2016;9(1):1‐7.

Kim 2017b {published data only}

1. Kim CY, Lee JS, Kim HD. Comparison of the effect of lateral and backward walking training on walking function in patients with poststroke hemiplegia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017;96(2):61‐7. [DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000541]

Kwon 2015 {published data only}

1. Kwon OH, Woo Y, Lee JS, Kim KH. Effects of task‐oriented treadmill‐walking training on walking ability of stroke patients. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2015;22(6):444‐52. [DOI: 10.1179/1074935715Z.00000000057]

Lee 2015 {published data only}

1. Lee YH, Park SH, Yoon ES, Lee CD, Wee SO, Fernhall B, et al. Effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise on central arterial stiffness and gait velocity in patients with chronic poststroke hemiparesis. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2015;94(9):687‐95. [DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000233]

Lee 2016 {published data only}

1. Lee MM, Shin DC, Song CH. Canoe game‐based virtual reality training to improve trunk postural stability, balance, and upper limb motor function in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(7):2019‐24. [DOI: ]

Lee 2017a {published data only}

1. Lee DH, Park SH, Han JW. Effect of bilateral upper extremity exercise on trunk performance in patients with stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2017;29(4):625‐8. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.625]

Lee 2017b {published data only}

1. Lee MJ, Lee JH, Koo HM, Lee SM. Effectiveness of bilateral arm training for improving extremity function and activities of daily living performance in hemiplegic patients. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2017;26(5):1020‐5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.008]

Lee 2018a {published data only}

1. Lee MJ, Yoon S, Kang JJ, Kim J, Kim JM, Han JY. Efficacy and safety of caregiver‐mediated exercise in post‐stroke rehabilitation. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 2018;42(3):406‐15. [DOI: 10.5535/arm.2018.42.3.406]

Lee 2018b {published data only}

1. Lee MM, Lee KJ, Song CH. Game‐based virtual reality canoe paddling training to improve postural balance and upper extremity function: a preliminary randomized controlled study of 30 patients with subacute stroke. Medical Science Monitor 2018;24:2590‐8. [DOI: 10.12659/MSM.906451]

Lim 2016 {published data only}

1. Lim HS, Kim YL, Lee SM. The effects of Pilates exercise training on static and dynamic balance in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(6):1819‐24. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1819]

Lim 2017 {published data only}

1. Lim HS, Yoon S. The effects of Pilates exercise on cardiopulmonary function in the chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trials. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2017;29(5):959‐63.

Lin 2015 {published data only}

1. Lin CH, Chou LW, Luo HJ, Tsai PY, Lieu FK, Chiang SL, et al. Effects of computer‐aided interlimb force coupling training on paretic hand and arm motor control following chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. PloS One 2015;10(7):e0131048. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131048]

Linder 2017 {published data only}

1. Linder S, Rosenfeldt A, Alberts J. Forced aerobic exercise enhances upper extremity task practice in patients with stroke. Stroke 2015;46 Suppl 1:A144.
1. Linder S, Rosenfeldt A, Bazyk A, Lee J, Blohm M, Penko A, et al. Forced‐ and voluntary‐rate aerobic exercise training improve cardiovascular function in individuals with chronic stroke. Stroke 2017;48 Suppl 1:AWP154.
1. Linder S, Rosenfeldt A, Penko A, Alberts J. The utilization of forced aerobic exercise to augment the recovery of motor function following stroke: a randomized clinical trial. Neurology 2014;82 Suppl 10:P2.016.
1. Linder SM, Rosenfeldt AB, Dey T, Alberts JL. Forced aerobic exercise preceding task practice improves motor recovery poststroke. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2017;71(2):1‐9. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2017.020297]

Lund 2018 {published data only}

1. Lund C, Dalgas U, Grønborg TK, Andersen H, Severinsen K, Riemenschneider M, et al. Balance and walking performance are improved after resistance and aerobic training in persons with chronic stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation 2018;40(20):2408‐15. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1336646]

Malagoni 2016 {published data only}

1. Malagoni AM, Cavazza S, Ferraresi G, Grassi G, Felisatti M, Lamberti N, et al. Effects of a "test in‐train out" walking program versus supervised standard rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients: a feasibility and pilot randomized study. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2016;52(3):279‐87.

Malik 2018 {published data only}

1. Malik AN, Amjad I, ul‐Ain Q. Effect of circuit gait training vs traditional gait training on mobility performance in stroke. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2018;68(3):455‐8.

Marryam 2017 {published data only}

1. Marryam M, Umar M. Effectiveness of task oriented training in improving upper limb function after stroke. Rawal Medical Journal 2017;42(3):341‐3.

Martins 2017 {published data only}

1. Martins JC, Aguiar LT, Nadeau S, Scianni AA, Teixeira‐Salmela LF, Faria CD. Efficacy of task‐specific training on physical activity levels of people with stroke: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2017;97(6):640‐8. [DOI: 10.1093/physth/pzx032]

McDonnell 2017 {published data only}

1. McDonnell MN, Serranda I, Hiller SL. Increasing the amount of upper extremity rehabilitation in the first four weeks following stroke: a feasibility study. Stroke 2017;48 Suppl 1:ATMP39.

Meng 2018 {published data only}

1. Meng G, Meng X, Tan Y, Yu J, Jin A, Zhao Y, et al. Short‐term efficacy of hand‐arm bimanual intensive training on upper arm function in acute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Neurology 2018;8:726. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00726]

Ordahan 2015 {published data only}

1. Ordahan B, Karahan AY, Basaran A, Turkoglu G, Kucuksarac S, Cubukcu M, et al. Impact of exercises administered to stroke patients with balance trainer on rehabilitation results: a randomized controlled study. Hippokratia 2015;19(2):125‐30.

Pandian 2015 {published data only}

1. Pandian S, Arya KN, Kumar D. Effect of motor training involving the less‐affected side (MTLA) in post‐stroke subjects: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2015;22(5):357‐67. [DOI: 10.1179/1074935714Z.0000000022]

Park 2015a {published data only}

1. Park BS, Noh JW, Kim MY, Lee LK, Yang SM, Lee WD, et al. The effects of aquatic trunk exercise on gait and muscle activity in stroke patients: a randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(11):3549‐53. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3549]

Park 2015b {published data only}

1. Park BS, Kim MY, Lee LK, Yang SM, Lee WD, Noh JW, et al. Effects of conventional overground gait training and a gait trainer with partial body weight support on spatiotemporal gait parameters of patients after stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(5):1603‐7. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1603]

Park 2015c {published data only}

1. Park KH, Kim DY, Kim TH. The effect of step climbing exercise on balance and step length in chronic stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(11):3515‐8. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3515]

Park 2016a {published data only}

1. Park KH, Lim JY, Kim TH. The effects of ankle strategy exercises on unstable surfaces on dynamic balance and changes in the COP. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(2):456‐9. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.456]

Park 2016b {published data only}

1. Park GD, Choi JU, Kim YM. The effects of multidirectional stepping training on balance, gait ability, and falls efficacy following stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(1):82‐6. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.82]

Park 2016c {published data only}

1. Park KT, Kim HJ. Effect of the a circuit training program using obstacles on the walking and balance abilities of stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(4):1194‐8. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1194]

Park 2016d {published data only}

1. Park T‐Y, Cha Y‐J, Son S‐M. Comparison of body composition of trunk and extremities of affected sides at different aerobic exercise intensities in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled preliminary report. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2016;45(8):1085‐6.

Park 2017a {published data only}

1. Park J, Gong J, Yim J. Effects of a sitting boxing program on upper limb function, balance, gait, and quality of life in stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation 2017;40(1):77‐86. [DOI: 10.3233/NRE-161392]

Park 2017b {published data only}

1. Park YK, Kim JH. Effects of kinetic chain exercise using EMG‐biofeedback on balance and lower extremity muscle activation in stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2017;29(8):1390‐3. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.1390]

Paul 2016 {published data only}

1. Paul L, Wyke S, Brewster S, Sattar N, Gill JM, Alexander G, et al. Increasing physical activity in stroke survivors using STARFISH, an interactive mobile phone application: a pilot study. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2016;23(3):170‐7. [DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2015.1122266]

Rand 2015 {published data only}

1. Rand D, Yacoby A, Weiss R, Reif S, Malka R, Weingarden H, et al. Home‐based self‐training using video‐games: preliminary data from a randomised controlled trial. IEEE 2015 International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation (ICVR). 2015:86‐91.

Redzuan 2012 {published data only}

1. Redzuan NS, Engkasan JP, Mazlan M, Abdullah SJ. Effectiveness of a video‐based therapy program at home after acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2012;93(12):2177‐83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.06.025]

Ribeiro 2017 {published data only}

1. Ribeiro TS, Silva EM, Silva IA, Costa MF, Cavalcanti FA, Lindquist AR. Effects of treadmill training with load addition on non‐paretic lower limb on gait parameters after stroke: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Gait and Posture 2017;54:229‐35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.03.008]
1. Ribeiro TS, Silva C, Camyla T, Carlos R, Souza e Silva EM, Lacerda MO, et al. Is there influence of the load addition during treadmill training on cardiovascular parameters and gait performance in patients with stroke? A randomized clinical trial. NeuroRehabilitation 2017;40(3):345‐54. [DOI: 10.3233/NRE-161422]

Roh 2016 {published data only}

1. Roh S, Gil HJ, Yoon S. Effects of 8 weeks of mat‐based Pilates exercise on gait in chronic stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(9):2615‐9. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2615]

Rose 2017 {published data only}

1. Rose DK, Nadeau SE, Wu SS, Tilson JK, Dobkin BH, Pei Q, et al. Locomotor training and strength and balance exercises for walking recovery after stroke: response to number of training sessions. Physical Therapy 2017;97(11):1066‐74. [DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzx079]

Rose 2018 {published data only}

1. Rose DK, DeMark L, Fox EJ, Clark DJ, Wludyka P. A backward walking training program to improve balance and mobility in acute stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2018;42(1):12‐21. [DOI: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000210]

Ru 2017 {published data only}

1. Ru X, Dai H, Jiang B, Li N, Zhao X, Hong Z, et al. Community‐based rehabilitation to improve stroke survivors' rehabilitation participation and functional recovery. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017;96(7):e123‐e129. [DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000650]

Schachten 2015 {published data only}

1. Schachten T, Jansen P. The effects of golf training in patients with stroke: a pilot study. International Psychogeriatrics 2015;27(5):865‐73. [DOI: 10.1017/S1041610214002452]

Seo 2015 {published data only}

1. Seo KC, Kim HA. The effects of ramp gait exercise with PNF on stroke patients' dynamic balance. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(6):1747‐9. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1747]

Sharma 2017 {published data only}

1. Sharma V, Kaur J. Effect of core strengthening with pelvic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on trunk, balance, gait, and function in chronic stroke. Journal of exercise rehabilitation 2017;13(2):200‐5. [DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734892.446]

Shin 2016 {published data only}

1. Shin JW, Kim KD. The effect of enhanced trunk control on balance and falls through bilateral upper extremity exercises among chronic stroke patients in a standing position. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(1):194‐7. [EMBASE: 10.1589/jpts.28.194]

Sun 2016 {published data only}

1. Sun X, Gao Q, Dou H, Tang S. Which is better in the rehabilitation of stroke patients, core stability exercises or conventional exercises?. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(4):1131‐3. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1131]

Tang 2014 {published data only}

1. Tang A, Eng JJ, Krassioukov AV, Madden KM, Mohammadi A, Tsang MY, et al. Exercise‐induced changes in cardiovascular function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2014;9:883‐9. [DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12156]

Vahlberg 2017 {published data only}

1. Vahlberg B, Cederholm T, Hellström K, Zetterberg L, Lindmark B. Body composition and training after stroke. European Geriatric Medicine 2015;6 Suppl 1:S112‐S113. [DOI: 10.1016/S1878-7649(15)30402-2]
1. Vahlberg B, Cederholm T, Lindmark B, Zetterberg L, Hellstrom K. Progressive resistance and balance training in circuit classes about a year after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2014;37 Suppl 1:428.
1. Vahlberg B, Cederholm T, Lindmark B, Zetterberg L, Hellström K. Effects of progressive resistance and balance training 1‐3 years after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. FASEB Journal 2014;28 Suppl 1:706.14.
1. Vahlberg B, Cederholm T, Lindmark B, Zetterberg L, Hellström K. Short‐term and long‐term effects of a progressive resistance and balance exercise program in individuals with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Disability and Rehabilitation 2017;39(16):1615‐22. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1206631]
1. Vahlberg B, Cederholm T, Zetterberg L, Lindmark B, Hellstrom K. Progressive resistance and balance training in circuit classes about one year after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2014;37 Suppl 1:334.
1. Vahlberg B, Lindmark B, Zetterberg L, Hellström K, Cederholm T. Body composition and physical function after progressive resistance and balance training among older adults after stroke: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Disability and Rehabilitation 2017;39(12):1207‐14. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1191551]

Valkenborghs 2016 {published data only}

1. Valkenborghs S, Callister R, Nilsson M, Erickson K, Visser M, Dunn A, et al. Aerobic exercise to increase efficacy of task‐specific training for the upper limb after stroke: a pilot study. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11 Suppl 1:12.
1. Valkenborghs S, Callister R, Nilsson M, Erickson K, Visser M, Dunn A, et al. Aerobic exercise to increase efficacy of task‐specific training for the upper limb after stroke: a pilot study protocol. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2016;42 Suppl 1:113‐4.

Valkenborghs 2017 {published data only}

1. Valkenborghs SR, Visser MM, Dunn A, Erickson KI, Nilsson M, Callister R, et al. AExaCTT ‐ Aerobic Exercise and Consecutive Task‐specific Training for the upper limb after stroke: protocol for a randomised controlled pilot study. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2017;7:179‐85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2017.07.009]

Van Criekinge 2017 {published data only}

1. Criekinge T, Saeys W, Hallemans A, Vereeck L, Hertogh W, Walle P, et al. Effectiveness of additional trunk exercises on gait performance: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):1‐12. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1989-1]

Vasileva 2017 {published data only}

1. Vasileva D, Izov N, Maznev I, Lubenova D, Mihova M, Markovski V, et al. Changes in kinetic parameters of gait in patients with supratentorial unilateral stroke in chronic period. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2017;5(2):201‐6. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.053]

Wang 2015 {published data only}

1. Wang TC, Tsai AC, Wang JY, Lin YT, Lin KL, Chen JJ, et al. Caregiver‐mediated intervention can improve physical functional recovery of patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015;29(1):3‐12. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968314532030]

Wright 2018 {published data only}

1. Wright H, Wright T, Pohlig RT, Kasner SE, Raser‐Schramm J, Reisman D. Protocol for promoting recovery optimization of walking activity in stroke (PROWALKS): a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2018;18(1):39. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1044-1]

Zhang 2016 {published data only}

1. Zhang Y, Wang YZ, Huang LP, Bai B, Zhou S, Yin MM, et al. Aquatic therapy improves outcomes for subacute stroke patients by enhancing muscular strength of paretic lower limbs without increasing spasticity: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2016;95(11):840‐9. [DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000512]

Zhiyan 2017 {published data only}

1. Zhiyan H, Li NI, Baoyun C, Zunke G, Qinghong W, Lange F. Rehabilitation nursing for cerebral stroke patients within a suitable recovery empty period. Iranian Journal of Public Health 2017;46(2):180‐5.

Zhu 2016 {published data only}

1. Zhu Z, Cui L, Yin M, Yu Y, Zhou X, Wang H, et al. Hydrotherapy vs. conventional land‐based exercise for improving walking and balance after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2016;30(6):587‐93. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215515593392]

References to studies awaiting assessment Brands Guendling 2017 {published data only}

1. Brands‐Guendling N, Guendling PW. Equipment‐based movement therapy in stroke rehabilitation. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017;17 Suppl 1:P22. [DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1782-4]

Chan 2017 {published data only}

1. Chan K, Phadke CP, Stremler D, Suter L, Pauley T, Ismail F, et al. The effect of water‐based exercises on balance in persons post‐stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2017;24(4):228‐35. [DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2016.1251742]

Chan 2018 {published data only}

1. Chan WN, Tsang WW. Effect of Tai Chi training on dual‐tasking performance that involves stepping down among stroke survivors: a pilot study. Evidence‐based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM 2017;2017:Article ID 9134173. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/9134173]
1. Chan WN, Tsang WW. The effect of Tai Chi training on the dual‐tasking performance of stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2018;32(8):1076‐85. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215518777872]

Chen 2014 {published data only}

1. Chen YJ, Huang HC, Tasi SY, Lin CW, Lin SY. Exercise interventions increase lower extremity muscle strength in patients with stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2014;38 Suppl 1:102.

Deshpande 2018 {published data only}

1. CTRI/2017/05/008482. The effect of task oriented circuit training on hand function in people with one‐sided weakness living in the society [Influence of task oriented circuit training on upper limb function in community dwelling stroke survivors]. (first received 4 May 2017).
1. Deshpande SA, Girish N, Mohapatra S. Influence of task oriented circuit training on upper limb function among community dwelling stroke survivors. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2018;32(4‐5):408‐9. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968318765498]

Ellis 2018 {published data only}

1. Ellis MD, Carmona C, Drogos J, Dewald J. Progressive abduction loading therapy with horizontal‐plane viscous resistance targeting weakness and flexion synergy to treat upper limb function in chronic hemiparetic stroke: a randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Neurology 2018;9:71. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00071]
1. Ellis MD, Carmona C, Drogos J, Traxel S, Dewald JP. Progressive abduction loading therapy targeting flexion synergy to regain reaching function in chronic stroke: preliminary results from an RCT. Conference Proceedings ‐ IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 2016:5837‐40.

Faulkner 2017b {published data only}

1. Faulkner J, Tzeng YC, Lambrick D, Woolley B, Allan PD, O'Donnell T, et al. A randomized controlled trial to assess the central hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke. Journal of Human Hypertension 2017;31(3):172‐7. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.72]

Floel 2018 {published data only}

1. Flöel A, Nave A, Rackoll T, Grittner U, Blasing H, Gorsler A, et al. Physical activity in subacute stroke ‐ phys‐stroke. European Stroke Journal 2018;3 Suppl 1:593. [DOI: 10.1177/2396987318773967]
1. Rackoll T, Nave A, Grittner U, Meisel A, Endres M, Ebinger M, et al. A heart for running‐safety considerations on aerobic exercise in the subacute phase of stroke‐data from the phys‐stroke trial. European Stroke Journal 2018;3(Suppl 1):129. [DOI: 10.1177/2396987318770127]

Frimpong 2014 {published data only}

1. Frimpong E, Olawale OA, Antwi DA, Antwi‐Boasiako C, Dzudzor B. Task‐oriented circuit training improves ambulatory functions in acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2014;5(8):169‐75.

Gezer 2018 {published data only}

1. Gezer H, Karaahmet OZ, Gurcay E, Dulgeroglu D, Cakci A. The effect of aerobic exercise on stroke rehabilitation. Irish Journal of Medical Science 2018:1‐5.

Hwang 2015 {published data only}

1. Hwang G‐Y. The Effects of Aquatic Exercise Program on Cardiorespiratory Function, Motor Fitness, and Physical Activity Affect for Poststroke Adults [PhD Thesis]. Denton, Texas USA: Texas Womens University, 2015.

Jeon 2016 {published data only}

1. Jeon HJ, An S, Yoo J, Park NH, Lee KH. The effect of monkey chair and band exercise system on shoulder range of motion and pain in post‐stroke patients with hemiplegia. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(8):2232‐7. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2232]

Kim 2015 {published data only}

1. Kim SJ, Cho HY, Kim YL, Lee SM. Effects of stationary cycling exercise on the balance and gait abilities of chronic stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(11):3529‐31. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3529]

Kim 2017c {published data only}

1. Kim K, Jung SI, Lee DK. Effects of task‐oriented circuit training on balance and gait ability in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2017;29(6):989‐92. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.989]

Koç 2015 {published data only}

1. Koç A. Exercise in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized, controlled pilot study of home‐based exercise in subacute stroke. Work 2015;52(3):541‐7. [DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152156]

Kumaran 2016 {published data only}

1. Kumaran DS, Rao BK, Rao SN, Kamath A. Effect of a task and context based exercise program (TCEP) on improving walking function in community dwelling stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11:59. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493016670567]

Lawal 2016 {published data only}

1. Lawal I, Hillier S, Hamzat T, Rhoda A. Augmented duration of circuit class therapy in the rehabilitation of muscle strength and spasticity post stroke: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11 Suppl 3:188. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493016670567]
1. Lawal IU, Hillier SL, Hamzat TK, Rhoda A. Effectiveness of a structured circuit class therapy model in stroke rehabilitation: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2015;15:88. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0348-7]
1. Lawal IU, Lawal I. Effectiveness of augmenting therapy time in circuit class therapy on mobility of upper/lower extremity post stroke: a randomized pilot study. Physiotherapy 2015;101:eS840‐eS841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.1658]

Maheshwari 2018 {published data only}

1. Maheshwari PK, Kaushik S, Vishwas K. Comparison of strength training and task specific exercises to improve upper limb function in stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2018;32(4‐5):491‐2. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968318765498]

Matsumoto 2016 {published data only}

1. Matsumoto S, Uema T, Ikeda K, Miyara K, Nishi T, Noma T, et al. Effect of underwater exercise on lower‐extremity function and quality of life in post‐stroke patients: a pilot controlled clinical trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2016;22(8):635‐41. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2015.0387]

Oh 2016 {published data only}

1. Oh DS, Park SE. The effect of lumbar stabilization exercise on the pulmonary function of stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28(6):1896‐900. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1896]

Opara 2016 {published data only}

1. Opara J, Szczygiel J. Effects of treadmill training with partial body‐weight support on clinical parameters of GAIT early after stroke‐preliminary results. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2016;41 Suppl 1:113.

Ploughman 2017 {published data only}

1. Ploughman M, Eskes GA, Kelly LP, Kirkland MC, Devasayaham AJ, Wallack EM, et al. Aerobic exercise enhances the beneficial effects of cognitive training and reopens the 'window of recovery' in chronic stroke via neurotrophins. International Journal of Stroke 2017;12(4 Suppl 1):18‐9. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493017721569]

Pudipeddi 2016 {published data only}

1. Pudipeddi BK. Effect of strength training on normalizing the tone and strength of spastic elbow flexors in subjects with stroke with isokinetic analyser [BIODEX]. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11 Suppl 3:135. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493016670567]

Ruescas‐Nicolau 2015 {published data only}

1. Ruescas‐Nicolau MA, Sanchez‐Sanchez ML, Espi‐Lopez GV, Marques‐Sule E, Perez‐Miralles JA. Effect of a combined cardiovascular /task‐oriented interval training programme on walking capacity in chronic stroke subjects. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2015;39 Suppl 2:322.

Sanchez Sanchez 2015 {published data only}

1. Sanchez‐Sanchez ML, Ruescas‐Nicolau MA, Espi‐Lopez GV, Perez‐Miralles JA, Morcillo‐Fores JA, Marques‐Sule E, et al. Effects on the upper limb sensoriomotor function of a circuit class strength training with elastic bands. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2015;39 Suppl 2:323.

Song 2015a {published data only}

1. Song GB, Hwangbo G. The effect of a rehabilitational sliding machine and conventional neurological physical therapy on the balance of patients with hemiplegia. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(1):171‐3. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.171]

Song 2015b {published data only}

1. Song HS, Kim JY, Park SD. Effect of the class and individual applications of task‐oriented circuit training on gait ability in patients with chronic stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(1):187‐9. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.187]
1. Song HS, Kim JY, Park SD. The effect of class‐based task‐oriented circuit training on the self‐satisfaction of patients with chronic stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(1):127‐9. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.127]

Szczygiel 2015 {published data only}

1. Szczygiel J, Opara J. Effects of treadmill training with partial body‐weight support on biomechanical parameters of gait after stroke. Physiotherapy 2015;101 Suppl 1:eS1151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.2062]

Van den Berg 2016 {published data only}

1. Berg M, Crotty M, Liu E, Killington M, Kwakkel G, Wegen E. Early supported discharge by caregiver‐mediated exercises and e‐Health support after stroke: a proof‐of‐concept trial. Stroke 2016;47(7):1885‐92. [DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013431]
1. Vloothuis J, Mulder M, Nijland RH, Konijnenbelt M, Mulder H, Hertogh CM, et al. Caregiver‐mediated exercises with e‐health support for early supported discharge after stroke (CARE4STROKE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2015;15(1):193. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0440-z]

Vij 2015 {published data only}

1. Vij JS, Multani NK. NDT based gait training as compared to lower limb strengthening in correction of gait pattern of post‐stroke hemiparetic patients. Physiotherapy 2015;101:eS1591‐eS1592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.1599]

Wu 2017 {published data only}

1. Wu X‐L. Effect of Qi‐cultivating and mood‐soothing bodybuilding exercise on psychological mood and degree of satisfaction with care in stroke patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Shi Jie Hua Ren Xiao Hua Za Zhi 2017;25(9):837‐40.

Xu 2015 {published data only}

1. Xu CW, Liu HL, Zhao D. Effect of acupuncture and exercise rehabilitation on motor function and activity of daily life among hemiplegia patients after stroke. Journal of Clinical Acupuncture and Moxibustion 2015;31(3):11‐3.

Yang 2018 {published data only}

1. Yang ZH, Wu HY, Shen MY, Yang JQ, Cao LM. Clinical analysis of three kinds of exercise therapy on knee control in hemiplegic patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2018;32(4‐5):392. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968318765498]

Yelnik 2017 {published data only}

1. Schnitzler A, Yelnik A, Wanepain M, Reiner P, Devailly JP, Vicaut E. Active mobility early after stroke (AMOBES), 1 year follow‐up. A randomised controlled trial. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2018;61 Suppl:e20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2018.05.044]
1. Yelnik A, Andriantsifanetra C, Reinert P, Evrard M, Marneff H, Wanepain M, et al. Active mobility early after stroke. A randomised controlled trial (AMOBES). Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2016;59 Suppl:e67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.155]
1. Yelnik AP, Quintaine V, Andriantsifanetra C, Wannepain M, Reiner P, Marnef H, et al. AMOBES (Active Mobility Very Early After Stroke): a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2017;48(2):400‐5. [DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.014803]

Zhang 2015 {published data only}

1. Zhang T, Pan J. Effect of sling exercise therapy on lower limb function in patients with stroke. Journal of Shenyang Institute of Physical Education 2015;34(5):101‐3.

References to ongoing studies ACTRN12615000728538 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12615000728538. Home‐based, tailored intervention for reducing falls after stroke: the Falls After Stroke Trial (FAST). (first received 15 July 2015).

ACTRN12616000391471 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12616000391471. A study on benefit of circuit class therapy on mobility, balance, reintegration into normal life and quality of life of people with stroke. [Outcomes of circuit class therapy on functional mobility, balance, community reintegration and quality of life of stroke survivors: randomised controlled trial]. (first received 24 March 2016).

ACTRN12616001288415 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12616001288415. A comparison of two forms of physiotherapy on functional performance after acquired brain injury: a pilot randomised controlled trial. [Repetitive Exercise for People after Stroke (REPS): effects on functional performance]. (first received 13 September 2016).

ACTRN12617000452392 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12617000452392. Core muscles strengthening for balance and gait performance in individuals with chronic stroke [Core muscles strengthening for balance and gait performance in individuals with chronic stroke]. (first received 27 March 2017).

ACTRN12617000746336 {published data only}

1. ACTRN12617000746336. Walking away fatigue and disease after stroke [Feasibility of using accelerometers to reduce fatigue, improve beneficial activity behaviours and reduce risk of chronic disease after stroke: a pilot study]. (first received 22 May 2017).

ChiCTR ICR 15006362 {published data only}

1. ChiCTR‐ICR‐15006362. Effect of early low‐intensity aerobic training with ergometer on the activities of daily living among severely impaired post‐stroke hemiplegic patients: a pilot study. (first received 3 May 2015).

ChiCTR‐IOR‐17010821 {published data only}

1. ChiCTR‐IOR‐17010821. Effect of sling exercise training on the balance function of stroke patients with hemiplegia. (first received 9 March 2017).

CTRI/2016/09/007258 {published data only}

1. CTRI/2016/09/007258. Exercise using all four limbs in half‐side paralysis [Interlimb coupling in post‐stroke rehabilitation]. (first received 8 September 2016).

CTRI/2016/10/007337 {published data only}

1. CTRI/2016/10/007337. Effectiveness of physiotherapy training to improve control of sitting on floor [Improving deep knee flexion activities (squatting and sitting on the floor) in persons with stroke using functional exercise]. (first received 5 October 2016).

CTRI/2017/03/008061 {published data only}

1. CTRI/2017/03/008061. Comparison of home exercises verses exercises given in hospital set up in improving functional recovery of upper limbs in post stroke patients [Comparison of home based exercise program by care givers verses routine therapy at hospital setup in improving functional recovery of upper limb among stroke subjects ‐ a randomised controlled trial]. (first received 10 March 2017).

CTRI/2018/01/011543 {published data only}

1. CTRI/2018/01/011543. Efficacy of task‐oriented training approach on trunk and hip musculature to improve balance in stroke subjects: a randomised controlled trial. (first received 18 January 2018).

IRCT20150721023277N2 {published data only}

1. IRCT20150721023277N2. The efficacy of occupation‐based and exercise‐based interventions in stroke subjects [The efficacy of occupation‐based and exercise‐based interventions on performance components and areas of occupation in subjects with chronic stroke (clinical trial)]. (first received 16 December 2017).

IRCT2016102430477N1 {published data only}

1. IRCT2016102430477N1. Effect of rehabilitation in stroke recovery [Evaluation and comparison of the effect of cross education training of unaffected upper limb on neurophysiological parameters and functional indices of affected upper limb in sub‐acute stroke patients]. (first received 1 December 2016).

IRCT20171105037256N4 {published data only}

1. IRCT20171105037256N4. The effect of dual‐task exercises on balance, falling and activities of daily living in stroke patients. (first received 20 May 2018).

JPRN‐UMIN000019380 {published data only}

1. JPRN‐UMIN000019380. The effect of walking exercise by Nordic pole on the aerobic performance for stroke patients. (first received 1 November 2015).

Miller 2014 {published data only}

1. Miller KJ, Hunt MA, Pollock CL, Bryant D, Garland SJ. Protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of Fast muscle Activation and Stepping Training (FAST) for improving balance and mobility in sub‐acute stroke. BMC Neurology 2014;14(1):187. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-014-0187-y]
1. NCT01573585. Fast muscle activation and stepping training (FAST) post‐stroke [Effectiveness of fast muscle activation and stepping training (FAST) on balance and mobility post‐stroke]. (first received 9 April 2012).

NCT01161329 {published data only}

1. NCT01161329. Effect of intensified physical activity for patients with stroke ‐ a combined physical and behavioural approach [Description of physical and psychosocial problems one year after stroke and the effect of intensified physical activity for patients with stroke ‐ a combined physical and behavioural approach]. (first received 13 July 2010).

NCT01915368 {published data only}

1. Klassen T, Eng JJ, Bayley M, Benavente O, Krassioukov A, Piitz M, et al. Determining optimal post‐stroke exercise (DOSE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial investigating exercise intensity during inpatient rehabilitation. International Journal of Stroke 2017;12(4 Suppl 1):57‐8. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493017721569]
1. Klassen TD, Eng JJ, Bayley M, Benavente O, Bennett J, Fraser J, et al. Implementing an extra hour of intensive, task‐specific, physical therapy daily for individuals post‐stroke during inpatient rehabilitation: feasibility data from the DOSE study. International Journal of Stroke 2015;10 Suppl 4:86. [DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12633-2]
1. NCT01915368. Determining Optimal post‐Stroke Exercise (DOSE). (first received 2 August 2013).

NCT01916486 {published data only}

1. NCT01916486. Vitality: promoting cognitive function in older adults with chronic stroke (vitality) [Complex mental and social activities to promote cognitive function in older adults with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial]. (first received 5 August 2013).

NCT02272426 {published data only}

1. NCT02272426. The safety and tolerability of an aerobic and resistance exercise program with cognitive training post‐stroke. (first received 23 October 2014).

NCT02437006 {published data only}

1. NCT02437006. Early intervention with a low‐intensity leg cycling exercise program for individuals after stroke. (first received 7 May 2015).

NCT02494518 {published data only}

1. NCT02494518. Forced aerobic exercise for stroke rehabilitation. (first received 10 July 2015).

NCT02550015 {published data only}

1. NCT02550015. High intensity interval training after stroke [The effect of high intensity interval training on maximal oxygen uptake and risk factors for recurrent stroke]. (first received 15 September 2015).

NCT02550990 {published data only}

1. NCT02550990. Synergistic effects of aerobic exercise and cognitive training on cognition in stroke patients with cognitive decline [Synergistic effects of aerobic exercise and cognitive training on cognition, physiological markers, daily function and quality of life in stroke patients with cognitive decline]. (first received 16 September 2015).
1. Wu CY, Yeh TT, Lee YY, Teng CH, Chang KC. Synergistic effects of aerobic exercise and cognitive training on cognition and quality of life in stroke patients with cognitive decline. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2016;97(10):e12.
1. Yeh TT, Wu CY, Hsieh YW, Chang KC, Lee LC, Hung JW, et al. Synergistic effects of aerobic exercise and cognitive training on cognition, physiological markers, daily function, and quality of life in stroke survivors with cognitive decline: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):405. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2153-7]

NCT02619110 {published data only}

1. NCT02619110. The effect of backward walking treadmill training on balance in patient with chronic stroke [The purpose of this study was to discuss on the effects of backward walking treadmill training on balance ability, speed of walking and cardiopulmonary fitness for patient with chronic stroke]. (first received 2 December 2015).

NCT02703805 {published data only}

1. NCT02703805. Fit For Function: a community wellness program for persons with stroke. (first received 9 March 2016).
1. Richardson J, Tang A, Guyatt G, Thabane L, Xie F, Sahlas D, et al. FIT for FUNCTION: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):39. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2416-3]

NCT02710773 {published data only}

1. NCT02710773. Backward treadmill training in patients with chronic stroke [Effects of backward treadmill training on spasticity and gait ability in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial]. (first received 17 March 2016).

NCT02717715 {published data only}

1. NCT02717715. SunRISe Study ‐ Stroke rehabilitation In Suriname [The effect of a tele‐supervised home based rehabilitation program on physical fitness, quality of gait, upper limb disability and quality of life in people after chronic stroke in a urban setting in Suriname. Randomised controlled trial]. (first received 24 March 2016).

NCT02731235 {published data only}

1. NCT02731235. The effect of aerobic exercise in patients with Lacunar stroke (HITPALS) [High‐intensity training in patients with Lacunar stroke (HITPALS)]. (first received 7 April 2016).

NCT02753322 {published data only}

1. NCT02753322. Training dual‐task balance and walking in people with stroke [Training dual‐task balance and walking in people with stroke: a randomized controlled trial]. (first received 27 April 2016).

NCT02855424 {published data only}

1. NCT02855424. The effect of leg cycling exercise program at low or moderate intensity for individuals with subacute stroke. (first received 4 August 2016).

NCT02902367 {published data only}

1. NCT02902367. SMS‐guided training after acute stroke or transient ischemic attack ‐ a randomized controlled trial [Effects of SMS‐guided outdoor walking and strength training after acute stroke and TIA ‐ a randomized controlled trial]. (first received 15 September 2016).

NCT02923765 {published data only}

1. NCT02923765. Stepper aerobic training on fitness, disability, inflammation and thrombosis in stroke patients [Efficacy of stepper aerobic training on cardiopulmonary fitness, disability, systemic inflammation and thrombosis in stroke patients with hemiplegia]. (first received 5 October 2016).

NCT02937480 {published data only}

1. NCT02937480. Efficacy of task‐specific training in physical activity level post‐stroke [Efficacy of task‐specific training in physical activity level of subjects with stroke: a randomized controlled trial]. (first received 18 October 2016).

NCT02938000 {published data only}

1. NCT02938000. E‐Rehabilitation: aerobic resistance training for stroke survivors. (first received 19 October 2016).

NCT02948725 {published data only}

1. NCT02948725. Clinical application of cross‐education during stroke rehabilitation. (first received 28 October 2016).

NCT03122626 {published data only}

1. NCT03122626. Does participation in a group, task‐oriented community‐based exercise program improve the ability to do everyday activities among people with stroke? [Increasing access to community‐based task‐oriented exercise programs through healthcare‐recreation partnerships to improve function post‐stroke: feasibility of a 2‐group randomized controlled trial protocol]. (first received 21 April 2017).

NCT03259932 {published data only}

1. NCT03259932. Comparison of fatigue and recovery after stroke depending on the usual management with or without physical training [Personalised physical training associated with usual management versus usual management alone on fatigue and recovery after minor stroke: randomised controlled trial]. (first received 24 August 2017).

NCT03425890 {published data only}

1. NCT03425890. Effect of self‐empowered upper limb repetitive engagement (SURE) program on upper limb recovery after stroke [The effect of the self‐empowered upper limb repetitive engagement (SURE) program on upper limb recovery compared with education in people with stroke undergoing inpatient rehabilitation]. (first received 8 February 2018).

NCT03458884 {published data only}

1. NCT03458884. Does cardiorespiratory interval training improve post‐stroke fatigue [Does a cardiorespiratory interval training program at home improve post‐stroke fatigue?]. (first received 8 March 2018).

NCT03479632 {published data only}

1. NCT03479632. Aerobic walking exercise for non‐ambulatory stroke survivors. (first received 27 March 2018).

NCT03528148 {published data only}

1. NCT03528148. The effects of elliptical cross training bike for stroke patients. (first received 17 May 2018).

NCT03548090 {published data only}

1. NCT03548090. The effects of plantar flexion training in people with chronic stroke [The effects of plantar flexion training on plantar flexion activation, torque, and step length asymmetry in people with chronic stroke]. (first received 7 June 2018).

PACTR201511001359344 {published data only}

1. PACTR201511001359344. The NIgerian Stroke Aerobic Study (NISAS) [Effects of interval and continuous aerobic exercise on clinical profiles of stroke survivors]. (first received 23 November 2015).

PACTR201712002689193 {published data only}

1. PACTR201712002689193. Effect of 6 weeks task‐oriented circuit training on balance and quality of life of stroke [Effect of 6 weeks task‐oriented circuit training on balance and quality of life of stroke survivors]. (first received 13 October 2017).

RBR‐26q4z9 {published data only}

1. RBR‐26q4z9. Effects of exercises with action observation and aquatic physical therapy in arm recovery after stroke [Comparative study between action observation training and hydrotherapy in upper limb recovery after stroke: randomized clinical trial]. (first received 23 March 2016).

RBR‐2mf595 {published data only}

1. RBR‐2mf595. Serious game for evaluation and treatment in stroke. (first received 15 January 2018).

RBR‐4g6fhf {published data only}

1. RBR‐4g6fhf. The effects of exercise with cycle ergometer in patients after acute stroke. (first received 5 December 2018).

RBR‐4wk4b3 {published data only}

1. RBR‐4wk4b3. Influence of an exercise program on cardiac function of patients with stroke. (first received 19 September 2016).

RBR‐4wz3w3 {published data only}

1. RBR‐4wz3w3. Group therapy and self‐monitored home exercises to increase exercise practice in the subacute phase after stroke ‐ randomized clinical trial. (first received 23 February 2018).

RBR‐5thjgv {published data only}

1. RBR‐5thjgv. Effects of physical training on metabolic, hemodynamic, autonomic and inflammatory parameters of post‐stroke individuals. (first received 7 November 2017).

RBR‐7699xz {published data only}

1. RBR‐7699xz. Analysis of walking training with partial weight support for post stroke patients. (first received 5 April 2016).

RBR‐7hqk8t {published data only}

1. RBR‐7hqk8t. The effect of training functional activities on biological factors after stroke. (first received 26 January 2018).

TCTR20160601005 {published data only}

1. TCTR20160601005. Effectiveness of antigravity treadmill training in improving walking capacity and balance in hemiparetic ischemic stroke patients. (first received 29 May 2016).

TCTR20170615002 {published data only}

1. TCTR20170615002. Effects of task‐oriented training on upper extremity functional performance in patients with sub‐acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. (first received 15 June 2017).

Vahlberg 2018 {published data only}

1. Vahlberg B, Holmbäck U, Eriksson S, Cederholm T. Protocol and pilot study of a short message service‐guided training after acute stroke/transient ischemic attack to increase walking capacity and physical activity. Preventive Medicine Reports 2018;11:109‐14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.05.016]

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Source: PubMed

Physical fitness training for stroke patients

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