Music therapy for people with substance use disorders

Claire Ghetti, Xi-Jing Chen, Annette K Brenner, Laurien G Hakvoort, Lars Lien, Jorg Fachner, Christian Gold, Claire Ghetti, Xi-Jing Chen, Annette K Brenner, Laurien G Hakvoort, Lars Lien, Jorg Fachner, Christian Gold

Abstract

Background: Substance use disorder (SUD) is the continued use of one or more psychoactive substances, including alcohol, despite negative effects on health, functioning, and social relations. Problematic drug use has increased by 10% globally since 2013, and harmful use of alcohol is associated with 5.3% of all deaths. Direct effects of music therapy (MT) on problematic substance use are not known, but it may be helpful in alleviating associated psychological symptoms and decreasing substance craving.

Objectives: To compare the effect of music therapy (MT) in addition to standard care versus standard care alone, or to standard care plus an active control intervention, on psychological symptoms, substance craving, motivation for treatment, and motivation to stay clean/sober.

Search methods: We searched the following databases (from inception to 1 February 2021): the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Specialised Register; CENTRAL; MEDLINE (PubMed); eight other databases, and two trials registries. We handsearched reference lists of all retrieved studies and relevant systematic reviews.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials comparing MT plus standard care to standard care alone, or MT plus standard care to active intervention plus standard care for people with SUD.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methodology.

Main results: We included 21 trials involving 1984 people. We found moderate-certainty evidence of a medium effect favouring MT plus standard care over standard care alone for substance craving (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.23 to -0.10; 3 studies, 254 participants), with significant subgroup differences indicating greater reduction in craving for MT intervention lasting one to three months; and small-to-medium effect favouring MT for motivation for treatment/change (SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.61; 5 studies, 408 participants). We found no clear evidence of a beneficial effect on depression (SMD -0.33, 95% CI -0.72 to 0.07; 3 studies, 100 participants), or motivation to stay sober/clean (SMD 0.22, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.47; 3 studies, 269 participants), though effect sizes ranged from large favourable effect to no effect, and we are uncertain about the result. There was no evidence of beneficial effect on anxiety (mean difference (MD) -0.17, 95% CI -4.39 to 4.05; 1 study, 60 participants), though we are uncertain about the result. There was no meaningful effect for retention in treatment for participants receiving MT plus standard care as compared to standard care alone (risk ratio (RR) 0.99, 95% 0.93 to 1.05; 6 studies, 199 participants). There was a moderate effect on motivation for treatment/change when comparing MT plus standard care to another active intervention plus standard care (SMD 0.46, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.93; 5 studies, 411 participants), and certainty in the result was moderate. We found no clear evidence of an effect of MT on motivation to stay sober/clean when compared to active intervention, though effect sizes ranged from large favourable effect to no effect, and we are uncertain about the result (MD 0.34, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.78; 3 studies, 258 participants). There was no clear evidence of effect on substance craving (SMD -0.04, 95% CI -0.56 to 0.48; 3 studies, 232 participants), depression (MD -1.49, 95% CI -4.98 to 2.00; 1 study, 110 participants), or substance use (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.29; 1 study, 140 participants) at one-month follow-up when comparing MT plus standard care to active intervention plus standard care. There were no data on adverse effects. Unclear risk of selection bias applied to most studies due to incomplete description of processes of randomisation and allocation concealment. All studies were at unclear risk of detection bias due to lack of blinding of outcome assessors for subjective outcomes (mostly self-report). We judged that bias arising from such lack of blinding would not differ between groups. Similarly, it is not possible to blind participants and providers to MT. We consider knowledge of receiving this type of therapy as part of the therapeutic effect itself, and thus all studies were at low risk of performance bias for subjective outcomes. We downgraded all outcomes one level for imprecision due to optimal information size not being met, and two levels for outcomes with very low sample size. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Results from this review suggest that MT as 'add on' treatment to standard care can lead to moderate reductions in substance craving and can increase motivation for treatment/change for people with SUDs receiving treatment in detoxification and short-term rehabilitation settings. Greater reduction in craving is associated with MT lasting longer than a single session. We have moderate-to-low confidence in our findings as the included studies were downgraded in certainty due to imprecision, and most included studies were conducted by the same researcher in the same detoxification unit, which considerably impacts the transferability of findings.

Conflict of interest statement

CGh: none.

XJC: none.

AB: none.

LH: none.

LL: none.

JF: none.

CG: none.

Copyright © 2022 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA Flow Diagram
2
2
Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies. Objective outcome was only assessed in six of the included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1. Analysis
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, Outcome 1: Psychological outcomes (depression self‐report; various tools, BDI, HRSD, SDS; high = poor)
1.2. Analysis
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, Outcome 2: Psychological outcomes short‐term follow‐up (depression self‐report, SDS; high = poor)
1.3. Analysis
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, Outcome 3: Psychological outcomes (anxiety self‐report; SAS; high = poor)
1.4. Analysis
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, Outcome 4: Psychological outcomes short‐term follow‐up (anxiety self‐report; SAS; high = poor)
1.5. Analysis
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, Outcome 5: Substance craving (various scales; BSCS, ACQ‐SF‐R; high = poor)
1.6. Analysis
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, Outcome 6: Motivation for treatment/change (various scales; CESI, ICR, CMR; high = good)
1.7. Analysis
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, Outcome 7: Motivation to stay sober/clean (various scales, high = good)
1.8. Analysis
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, Outcome 8: Motivation to stay sober/clean short‐term follow‐up (QMAD, high = good)
1.9. Analysis
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, Outcome 9: Retention in treatment (high = good)
2.1. Analysis
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Music therapy plus standard care versus active intervention plus standard care, Outcome 1: Psychological outcomes (depression self‐report; BDI; high = poor)
2.2. Analysis
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Music therapy plus standard care versus active intervention plus standard care, Outcome 2: Psychological outcomes short‐term follow‐up (depression self‐report; Likert; high = poor)
2.3. Analysis
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Music therapy plus standard care versus active intervention plus standard care, Outcome 3: Substance craving (various scales, high = poor)
2.4. Analysis
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Music therapy plus standard care versus active intervention plus standard care, Outcome 4: Motivation for treatment/change (various tools; RTCQ‐TV, SOCRATES, URICA; higher = good)
2.5. Analysis
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Music therapy plus standard care versus active intervention plus standard care, Outcome 5: Motivation to stay sober/clean (Likert, high = good)
2.6. Analysis
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Music therapy plus standard care versus active intervention plus standard care, Outcome 6: Substance use short‐term follow‐up (self‐report)

References

References to studies included in this review Albornoz 2009 {published data only}

    1. Albornoz Y.The effects of group improvisational music therapy on depression in adolescents and adults with substance abuse: a randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 2011;20(3):208-24. [DOI: 10.1080/08098131.2010.522717]
    1. Albornoz Y.The Effects of Group Improvisational Music Therapy on Depression in Adolescents and Adults with Substance Abuse [Doctoral dissertation]. Philadelphia (PA): Temple University, 2009.
Eshaghi Farahmand 2020 {published data only}
    1. Eshaghi Farahmand S, Ahadi H, Kalhornia Golkar M, Sedaghat M.Comparison of the effectiveness of music therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on quality of life, craving and emotion regulation in patients under methadone maintenance therapy. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2020;26(2):170-87. [DOI: 10.32598/ijpcp.26.2.3212.1]
Heiderscheit 2005 {published data only}
    1. Heiderscheit A.The effects of the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) on interpersonal problems, sense of coherence, and salivary immunoglobulin A of adults in chemical dependency treatment. Music & Medicine 2017;9(1):24-36.
    1. Heiderscheit AL.The Effects of the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) on Adults in Chemical Dependency Treatment: Sense of Coherence, Salivary Immunoglobulin A and Interpersonal problems [Doctoral dissertation]. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota, 2005. [UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DIGITAL CONSERVANCY: ]
James 1988 {published data only}
    1. James MR.Music therapy values clarification: a positive influence on perceived locus of control. Journal of Music Therapy 1988;25(4):206-15.
Murphy 2008 {published data only}
    1. Murphy KM.The Effects of Group Guided Imagery and Music on the Psychological Health of Adults in Substance Abuse Treatment [Doctoral dissertation]. Philadelphia (PA): Temple University, 2008.
Silverman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.The effect of lyric analysis on treatment eagerness and working alliance in consumers who are in detoxification: a randomized clinical effectiveness study. Music Therapy Perspectives 2009;27(2):115-21. [DOI: 10.1093/mtp/27.2.115]
Silverman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.The effect of a lyric analysis intervention on withdrawal symptoms and locus of control in patients on a detoxification unit: a randomized effectiveness study. Arts in Psychotherapy 2010;37(3):197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2010.04.001]
Silverman 2011a {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of music therapy on change and depression on clients in detoxification. Journal of Addictions Nursing 2011;22(4):185-92. [DOI: 10.3109/10884602.2011.616606]
Silverman 2011b {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of music therapy on change readiness and craving in patients on a detoxification unit. Journal of Music Therapy 2011;48(4):509-31. [DOI: 10.1093/jmt/48.4.509]
Silverman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of group songwriting on motivation and readiness for treatment on patients in detoxification: a randomized wait-list effectiveness study. Journal of Music Therapy 2012;49(4):414-29. [DOI: 10.1093/jmt/49.4.414]
Silverman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of music therapy on drug avoidance self-efficacy in patients on a detoxification unit: a three-group randomized effectiveness study. Journal of Addictions Nursing 2014;25(4):172-81. [DOI: 10.1097/JAN.0000000000000047]
Silverman 2015a {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of educational music therapy on knowledge of triggers and coping skills, motivation, and treatment eagerness in patients on a detoxification unit: a three-group cluster-randomized effectiveness study. Korean Journal of Music Therapy 2015;17(2):81-101. [DOI: 10.21330/kjmt.2015.17.2.81]
Silverman 2015b {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of lyric analysis interventions on treatment motivation in patients on a detoxification unit: a randomized effectiveness study. Journal of Music Therapy 2015;52(1):117-34. [DOI: 10.1093/jmt/thu057]
Silverman 2016a {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of live and educational music therapy on working alliance and trust with patients on detoxification unit: a four-group cluster-randomized trial. Substance Use & Misuse 2016;51(13):1741-50. [DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1197263]
Silverman 2016b {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of a single lyric analysis intervention on withdrawal and craving with inpatients on a detoxification unit: a cluster-randomized effectiveness study. Substance Use & Misuse 2016;51(2):241-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1092990]
Silverman 2017 {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of group-based educational songwriting on craving in patients on a detoxification unit: a cluster-randomized effectiveness study. Psychology of Music 2017;Advance online publication:1-14. [DOI: 10.1177/0305735617743103]
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of group-based educational songwriting on craving in patients on a detoxification unit: a cluster-randomized effectiveness study. Psychology of Music 2019;47(2):241-54. [DOI: 10.1177/0305735617743103]
Silverman 2019a {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Quantitative comparison of group-based music therapy experiences in adults with substance use disorder on a detoxification unit: a three-group cluster-randomized study. Arts & Health 2019;Advance online publication:1-14. [DOI: 10.1080/17533015.2019.1608568]
    1. Silverman MJ.Quantitative comparison of group-based music therapy experiences in adults with substance use disorder on a detoxification unit: a three-group cluster-randomized study. Arts & Health 2021;13(1):49-62. [DOI: 10.1080/17533015.2019.1608568]
Silverman 2019b {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Songwriting to target state shame, guilt, and pride in adults with substance use disorder on a detoxification unit: a cluster-randomized study. Substance Use & Misuse 2019;54(8):1345-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1580742]
Silverman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Therapeutic songwriting for perceived stigma and perceived social support in adults with substance use disorder: a cluster-randomized effectiveness study. Substance Use & Misuse 2020;55(5):763-71. [DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1701037]
Silverman 2021 {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.A randomized study of lyric analysis on recognition, taking steps, and commitment to sobriety in adults on a detoxification unit. Journal of Substance Use 2021;Advance online publication:1-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.1879292]
Wu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wu Q, Chen T, Wang Z, Chen S, Zhang J, Bao J, et al.Effectiveness of music therapy on improving treatment motivation and emotion in female patients with methamphetamine use disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Substance Abuse 2020;41(4):493-500. [DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2019.1675117]
References to studies excluded from this review Baker 2007 {published data only}
    1. Baker FA, Gleadhill LM, Dingle GA.Music therapy and emotional exploration: exposing substance abuse clients to the experiences of non-drug-induced emotions. The Arts in Psychotherapy 2007;34(4):321-30. [DOI: ]
Bibb 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bibb J, Castle D, Bonomo Y, McFerran KS.Reducing anxiety through music therapy at a community residential alcohol and drug withdrawal unit. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, Therapy & Rehabilitation 2018;7:2.
Chandrasekar 2020 {unpublished data only}
    1. Chandrasekar S.Music vs relaxation training in craving reduction in alcohol dependence syndrome. (first received 17 April 2020). [: ]
Dingle 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dingle GA, Gleadhill L, Baker FA.Can music therapy engage patients in group cognitive behaviour therapy for substance abuse treatment? Drug and Alcohol Review 2008;27(2):190-6. [DOI: ]
Gallant 1997 {published data only}
    1. Gallant W, Holosko M, Gorey KM, Lesiuk TL.Music as a form of intervention with out-patient alcoholic couples: a quasi-experimental investigation. Canadian Journal of Music Therapy 1997;5(1):67-84.
Gardstrom 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gardstrom SC, Bartkowski J, Willenbrink J, Diestelkamp WS.The impact of group music therapy on negative affect of people with co-occurring substance use disorders and mental illnesses. Music Therapy Perspectives 2013;31(2):116-26.
Haddock 2003 {published data only}
    1. Haddock G, Barrowclough C, Tarrier N, Moring J, O'Brien R, Schofield N, et al.Cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational intervention for schizophrenia and substance misuse. 18-month outcomes of a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003;183:418-26.
Hammer 1996 {published data only}
    1. Hammer SE.The effects of guided imagery through music on state and trait anxiety. Journal of Music Therapy 1996;33(1):47-70. [DOI: ]
Howard 1997 {published data only}
    1. Howard AA.The effects of music and poetry therapy on the treatment of women and adolescents with chemical addictions. Journal of Poetry Therapy 1997;11(2):81-102.
Jones 2005 {published data only}
    1. Jones JD.A comparison of songwriting and lyric analysis techniques to evoke emotional change in a single session with people who are chemically dependent. Journal of Music Therapy 2005;42(2):94-110. [DOI: ]
Lu 2005 {unpublished data only}
    1. Lu S-F.Test a music therapy programme's effectiveness on anxiety and depression in alcoholics. 16th International Nursing Research Congress 2005; Jul 14–16 2005; Hawaii.
Malcolm 2002 {published data only}
    1. Malcolm BP.Evaluating the effect of drug treatment on coping resources among homeless men. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 2002;62(12-A):4333.
Mathis 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mathis WS, Han X.The acute effect of pleasurable music on craving for alcohol: a pilot crossover study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2017;90:143-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.04.008]
Moe 2011 {published data only}
    1. Moe T.Group guided imagery and music therapy for inpatients with substance abuse disorder. Journal of the Association for Music & Imagery 2011;13:77-98.
Murphy 2015 {published data only}
    1. Murphy KM.Music therapy in addictions treatment. In: Wheeler BL, editors(s). Music Therapy Handbook. New York (NY): Guilford Press, 2015:354-66.
Oklan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Oklan AM, Henderson SJ.Treating inhalant abuse in adolescence: a recorded music expressive arts intervention. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain 2014;24(3):231.
Sewak 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sewak R, Spielholz NI.Relapse prevention: using sound to reduce the probability of recidivism and suffering following detoxification. Medical Hypotheses 2018;118:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.06.023]
Silverman 2016c {published data only}
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of educational music therapy on illness management knowledge and mood state in acute psychiatric inpatients: a randomized three group effectiveness study. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 2016;25(1):57-75. [DOI: 10.1080/08098131.2015.1008559]
Stamou 2016 {published data only}
    1. Stamou V, Chatzoudi T, Stamou L, Romo L, Graziani P.Music-assisted systematic desensitization for the reduction of craving in response to drug-conditioned cues: a pilot study. Arts in Psychotherapy 2016;51:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2016.08.003]
Stamou 2017 {published data only}
    1. Stamou V, Clerveaux R, Stamou L, Le Rocheleuil S, Berejnoi L, Romo L, et al.The therapeutic contribution of music in music-assisted systematic desensitization for substance addiction treatment: a pilot study. Arts in Psychotherapy 2017;56:30-44. [DOI: ]
Taylor 2005 {published data only}
    1. Taylor JY, Eliason MJ.Narrative art and music intervention with incarcerated abused women. Communicating Nursing Research 2005;38:453.
Wheeler 1985 {published data only}
    1. Wheeler BL.The relationship between musical and activity elements of music therapy sessions and client responses: an exploratory study. Music Therapy 1985;5(1):52-60. [DOI: ]
Additional references Aalbers 2017
    1. Aalbers S, Fusar-Poli L, Freeman RE, Spreen M, Ket JC, Vink AC, et al.Music therapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 11. Art. No: CD004517. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004517.pub3]
Albornoz 2011
    1. Albornoz Y.The effects of group improvisational music therapy on depression in adolescents and adults with substance abuse: a randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 2011;20(3):208-24.
Aldridge 2010
    1. Aldridge D, Fachner J, editor(s).Music Therapy and Addictions. London (UK): Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2010.
Amato 2011a
    1. Amato L, Minozzi S, Davoli M, Vecchi S.Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for treatment of opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 10. Art. No: CD004147. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004147.pub4]
Amato 2011b
    1. Amato L, Minozzi S, Davoli M, Vecchi S.Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9. Art. No: CD005031. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005031.pub4]
APA 1980
    1. American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
APA 2000
    1. American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th, text revision edition. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
APA 2013
    1. American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th edition. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
Arbour 2011
    1. Arbour S, Hambley J, Ho V.Predictors and outcome of aftercare participation of alcohol and drug users completing residential treatment. Substance Use & Misuse 2011;46(10):1275-87.
Atkins 2004
    1. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al, GRADE Working Group.Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004;328(7454):1490-4.
Babor 1992
    1. Babor TF, la Fuente JR, Saunders J, Grant M.AUDIT. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization, 1992.
Baker 2007
    1. Baker FA, Gleadhill LM, Dingle GA.Music therapy and emotional exploration: exposing substance abuse clients to the experiences of non-drug induced emotions. Arts in Psychotherapy 2007;34(4):321-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2007.04.005]
Beck 1996
    1. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK.Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory – II. San Antonio (TX): Psychological Corporation, 1996.
Berman 2005
    1. Berman AH, Bergman H, Palmstierna T, Schlyter F.Evaluation of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) in criminal justice and detoxification settings and in a Swedish population sample. European Addiction Research 2005;11(1):22-31.
Blood 2001
    1. Blood AJ , Zatorre RJ.Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in the brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001;98(20):11818-23. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.191355898]
Blum 2010
    1. Blum K, Chen TJ, Chen AL, Madigan M, Downs BW, Waite RL, et dopaminergic gene polymorphisms affect mesolimbic reward activation of music listening response? Therapeutic impact on Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). Medical Hypotheses 2010;74(3):513-20.
Blum 2017
    1. Blum K, Simpatico T, Febo M, Rodriquez C, Dushaj K, Li M, et al.Hypothesizing music intervention enhances brain functional connectivity involving dopaminergic recruitment: common neuro-correlates to abusable drugs. Molecular Neurobiology 2017;54(5):3753-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9934-y]
Bruscia 1998
    1. Bruscia KE.Defining Music Therapy. 2nd edition. Gilsum (NH): Barcelona Publishers, 1998.
Bruscia 2014
    1. Bruscia K.Defining Music Therapy. 3rd edition. University Park (IL): Barcelona Publishers, 2014.
Bunt 2014
    1. Bunt L, Stige B.Music Therapy: an Art Beyond Words. 2nd edition. London (UK): Routledge, 2014.
Carter 2020
    1. Carter TE, Panisch LS.A systematic review of music therapy for psychosocial outcomes of substance use clients. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020;2020:1-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00246-8]
Cather 2005
    1. Cather C.Functional cognitive-behavioural therapy: a brief, individual treatment for functional impairments resulting from psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2005;50:258-63.
Chen 2018
    1. Chen XJ, Wang CG, Liu W, Gorowska M, Wang DM, Li YH.Identification of the features of emotional dysfunction in female individuals with methamphetamine use disorder measured by musical stimuli modulated startle reflex. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2018;12:230. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00230]
Choi 2015
    1. Choi S, Adams SM, Morse SA, MacMaster S.Gender differences in treatment retention among individuals with co-occurring substance abuse and mental health disorders. Substance Use & Misuse 2015;50(5):653-63.
Covidence [Computer program]
    1. Covidence.Version accessed 26 August 2020. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation, 2020. Available at .
DeLeon 1993
    1. DeLeon G.Circumstances, motivation, and readiness scales for substance abuse treatment. New York (NY): DeLeon G, 1993.
Dijkstra 2010
    1. Dijkstra IT, Hakvoort LG.'How to deal with music'? Music therapy with clients suffering from addiction problems: enhancing coping strategies. In: Aldridge D, Fachner J, editors(s). Music Therapy and Addictions. London (UK): Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2010:88-102.
Fachner 2017
    1. Fachner J.Retraining of drug reward, music cues and state-dependent recall in music therapy. Music & Medicine 2017;9(1):8-14.
Franken 2002
    1. Franken IH, Hendriksa VM, den Brink W.Initial validation of two opiate craving questionnaires: the obsessive compulsive drug use scale and the desires for drug questionnaire. Addictive Behaviors 2002;27(5):675-85. [DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00201-5]
Geretsegger 2017
    1. Geretsegger M, Mössler KA, Bieleninik Ł, Chen XJ, Heldal TO, Gold C.Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 5. Art. No: CD004025. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004025.pub4]
Ghetti 2004
    1. Ghetti CM.Incorporating music therapy into the harm reduction approach to managing substance use problems. Music Therapy Perspectives 2004;22(2):84-90.
Ghetti 2013
    1. Ghetti CM.Effect of music therapy with emotional-approach coping on preprocedural anxiety in cardiac catheterization: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Music Therapy 2013;50(2):93-122.
Gilman 2008
    1. Gilman JM, Hommer DW.Modulation of brain response to emotional images by alcohol cues in alcohol-dependent patients. Addiction Biology 2008;13(3-4):423-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00111.x]
Gold 2009
    1. Gold C, Solli HP, Krüger V, Lie SA.Dose–response relationship in music therapy for people with serious mental disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 2009;29:193-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.001]
Gossop 1995
    1. Gossop M, Darke S, Griffiths P, Hando J, Powis B, Hall W, et al.The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS): psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users. Addiction 1995;90(5):607-14.
GRADEpro GDT [Computer program]
    1. GRADEpro GDT.Version accessed 26 August 2020. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2020. Available at .
Guyatt 2008
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al.GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336(7560):924.
Guyatt 2011
    1. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al.GRADE guidelines 1. Introduction – GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(4):383-94.
Hakvoort 2020
    1. Hakvoort L, Jong S, de Ree M, Kok T, Macfarlane C, Haan H.Music therapy to regulate arousal and attention in patients with substance use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a feasibility study. Journal of Music Therapy 2020;57(3):353-78. [DOI: 10.1093/jmt/thaa007]
Hamilton 1960
    1. Hamilton M.A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1960;23(1):56-62. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56]
Heather 1999
    1. Heather N, Luce A, Peck D, Dunbar B, James I.The development of a treatment version of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire. Addiction Research 1999;7:63-8.
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s).Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from .
Hohmann 2017
    1. Hohmann L, Bradt J, Stegemann T, Koelsch S.Effects of music therapy and music-based interventions in the treatment of substance use disorders: a systematic review. PLoS One 2017;12(11):e0187363. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187363]
Holleck 2019
    1. Holleck JL, Merchant N, Gunderson CG.Symptom-triggered therapy for alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2019;34(6):1018-24.
Horesh 2010
    1. Horesh T.Drug addicts and their music: a story of a complex relationship. In: Aldridge D, Fachner J, editors(s). Music Therapy and Addictions. London (UK): Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2010:57-74.
INCB 2019
    1. International Narcotics Control Board.Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019. (accessed 6 June 2021).
Jaffe 2012
    1. Jaffe A, Du J, Huang D, Hser Y-I.Drug-abusing offenders with comorbid mental disorders: problem severity, treatment participation, and recidivism. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2012;43(2):244-50.
Juslin 2013
    1. Juslin PN.From everyday emotions to aesthetic emotions: towards a unified theory of musical emotions. Physics of Life Reviews 2013;10(3):235-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2013.05.008]
Juslin 2019
    1. Juslin PN.Musical Emotions Explained. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, 2019.
Kelly 2014
    1. Kelly JF, Greene MC.Beyond motivation: initial validation of the commitment to recovery scale. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2014;46(2):257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sat.2013.06.010]
Klimas 2018
    1. Klimas J, Fairgrieve C, Tobin H, Field C-A, O'Gorman CS, Glynn LG, et al.Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 12. Art. No: CD009269. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009269.pub4]
Koelsch 2014
    1. Koelsch S.Brain correlates of music-evoked emotions. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2014;15(3):170-80.
Koelsch 2015
    1. Koelsch S.Music-evoked emotions: principles, brain correlates, and implications for therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2015;1337:193-201.
Koob 2013
    1. Koob GF.Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2013;4:72.
London 2004
    1. London ED, Simon SL, Berman SM, Mandelkern MA, Lichtman AM, Bramen J, et al.Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004;61(1):73-84. [DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.73]
Longshore 2006
    1. Longshore D, Teruya C.Treatment motivation in drug users: a theory-based analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2006;81(2):179-88.
MacLeod 1991
    1. MacLeod CM.Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological Bulletin 1991;109(2):163-203.
Mays 2008
    1. Mays KL, Clark DL, Gordon AJ.Treating addiction with tunes: a systematic review of music therapy for the treatment of patients with addictions. Substance Abuse 2008;29(4):51-9.
McConnaughy 1983
    1. McConnaughy EA, Prochaska JO, Velicer WF.Stages of change in psychotherapy: measurement and sample profiles. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 1983;20(3):368-75.
McFerran 2016
    1. McFerran KS.Contextualising the relationship between music, emotions and the well-being of young people: a critical interpretive synthesis. Musicae Scientiae 2016;20(1):103-21.
McLellan 1992
    1. McLellan AT, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R, Smith I, Grissom G, et al.The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1992;9(3):199-213. [DOI: 10.1016/0740-5472(92)90062-s]
Megranahan 2018
    1. Megranahan K, Lynskey creative arts therapies reduce substance misuse? A systematic review. Arts in Psychotherapy 2018;57:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2017.10.005]
Miller 1996
    1. Miller WR, Tonigan JS.Assessing drinker's motivation for change: the Stages Of Change Readiness And Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 1996;10:81-9.
Miller 2002
    1. Miller WR, Rollnick S.Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. 2nd edition. New York (NY): Guilford Press, 2002.
Minozzi 2016
    1. Minozzi S, Saulle R, Crescenzo F, Amato L.Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant misuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 9. Art. No: CD011866. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011866.pub2]
Moos 2007
    1. Moos RH, Moos BS.Treated and untreated alcohol-use disorders: course and predictors of remission and relapse. Evaluation Review 2007;31(6):564-84.
Neugebauer 2004
    1. Neugebauer V, Li W, Bird GC, Han JS.The amygdala and persistent pain. Neuroscientist 2004;10(3):221-34.
NIAA 2003
    1. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.The Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC). (accessed prior to 8 May 2022).
NIDA 2018
    1. National Institute on Drug Abuse.Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: a Research-based Guide. 3rd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018.
NVvMT 2017
    1. Nederlandse Vereniging voor Muziektherapie (NVvMT) [The Dutch Association for Music Therapy].Beroepscompetentieprofiel muziektherapeut [Professional competence profile – music therapist]. Utrecht (the Netherlands): NVvMT, 2017.
O'Daly 2012
    1. O'Daly OG, Trick L, Scaife J, Marshall J, Ball D, Phillips ML, et al.Withdrawal-associated increases and decreases in functional neural connectivity associated with altered emotional regulation in alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012;37(10):2267-76. [DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.77]
Ouimette 2005
    1. Ouimette P, Read J, Brown PJ.Consistency of retrospective reports of DMS-IV Criterion A traumatic stressors among substance use disorder patients. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005;18(1):43-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jts.20009]
Prochaska 1983
    1. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC.Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1983;51(3):390-5. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390]
Quello 2005
    1. Quello SB, Brady KT, Sonne SC.Mood disorders and substance use disorder: a complex comorbidity. Science & Practice Perspectives 2005;3(1):13-21.
RevMan Web 2021 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager Web (RevMan Web).Version 3.3.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2021. Available at .
Rolvsjord 2010
    1. Rolvsjord R.Resource-Oriented Music Therapy in Mental Health Care. Dallas (TX): Barcelona Publishers, 2010.
Ross 2008
    1. Ross S, Cidambi I, Dermatis H, Weinstein J, Ziedonis D, Roth S, et al.Music therapy: a novel motivational approach for dually diagnosed patients. Journal of Addictive Diseases 2008;27(1):41-53. [DOI: 10.1300/J069v27n01_05]
Salimpoor 2011
    1. Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ.Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music. Nature Neuroscience 2011;14(2):257-62. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.2726]
Salloum 2007
    1. Salloum JB, Ramchandani VA, Bodurka J, Rawlings R, Momenan R, George D, et al.Blunted rostral anterior cingulate response during a simplified decoding task of negative emotional facial expressions in alcoholic patients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2007;31(9):1490-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00447.x]
SAMHSA 2019
    1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2017. Admissions to and Discharges from Publicly-Funded Substance Use Treatment. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2019.
Sena Moore 2013
    1. Sena Moore K.A systematic review on the neural effects of music on emotion regulation: implications for music therapy practice. Journal of Music Therapy 2013;50(3):198-242.
Short 2015
    1. Short AD, Dingle GA.Music as an auditory cue for emotions and cravings in adults with substance use disorders. Psychology of Music 2015;44(3):559-73.
Silverman 2003
    1. Silverman MJ.Music therapy and clients who are chemically dependent: a review of literature and pilot study. Arts in Psychotherapy 2003;30(5):273-81.
Silverman 2009
    1. Silverman MJ.A descriptive analysis of music therapists working with consumers in substance abuse rehabilitation: current clinical practice to guide future research. Arts in Psychotherapy 2009;36(3):123-30.
Silverman 2012
    1. Silverman MJ.Effects of group songwriting on motivation and readiness for treatment on patients in detoxification: a randomized wait-list effectiveness study. Journal of Music Therapy 2012;49(4):414-29.
Simpson 2008
    1. Simpson DD.TCU Treatment Assessment Forms. Texas Christian University, Institute of Behavioral Research; Fort Worth (TX).
Singleton 2003
    1. Singleton EG, Tiffany ST, Henningfield JE.The Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ-Now). In: Allen JP, Wilson VB, editors(s). Assessing alcohol problems: a guide for clinicians and researchers. 2nd edition. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2003:271-81. [NIH PUBLICATION NO.: 03-3745]
Smedslund 2011
    1. Smedslund G, Berg RC, Hammerstrøm KT, Steiro A, Leiknes KA, Dahl HM, et al.Motivational interviewing for substance abuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 5. Art. No: CD008063. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008063.pub2]
Somoza 1995
    1. Somoza E, Dyrenforth S, Goldsmith J, Mezinskis J, Cohen search of a universal drug craving scale. Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1995 May 5–25; Miami (FL).
Sullivan 1989
    1. Sullivan JT, Sykora K, Schneiderman J, Naranjo CA, Sellers EM.Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar). British Journal of Addiction 1989;84(11):1353-7.
U.S. Census 2020
    1. US Census Bureau.Quick Facts. (accessed prior to 14 April 2022). [RETRIEVED JULY 1 FROM: ]
UNODC 2018
    1. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.World drug report 2018 (sales no. E.18.XI.9). (accessed 26 August 2020).
UNODC 2020
    1. UNODC.United Nations On Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report 2020 (Sales no. E.20.XI.9). (accessed 6 June 2021).
Urbano 2017
    1. Urbano FJ, Bisagno V, Garcia-Rill E.Arousal and drug abuse. Behavioural Brain Research 2017;333:276-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.013]
van Alphen 2019
    1. Alphen R, Stams GJ, Hakvoort L.Musical attention control training for psychotic psychiatric patients: an experimental pilot study in a forensic psychiatric hospital. Frontiers in Neuroscience 2019;13:570. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00570]
van Dam 2012
    1. Dam D, Vedel E, Ehring T, Emmelkamp PM.Psychological treatments for concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder: a systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review 2012;32(3):202-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.004]
WHO 1994
    1. World Health Organization.Lexicon of Alcohol and Drug Terms. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization, 1994.
WHO 2018
    1. World Health Organization.Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization, 2018.
WHO 2019
    1. World Health Organization.International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). (accessed 26 August 2020).
Wilcox 2016
    1. Wilcox CE, Pommy JM, Adinoff B.Neural circuitry of impaired emotion regulation in substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2016;173(4):344-61. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15060710]
Wu 2008
    1. Wu X, Zeng H, Li L, Chen Y.Designing questionnaire on motivation for abstaining from drugs. Chinese Journal of Drug Dependence 2008;17(6):465-8.
Zung 1965
    1. Zung WK.A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 1965;12:63-70.
Zung 1971
    1. Zung WK.A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 1971;12(6):371-79.
References to other published versions of this review Ghetti 2020
    1. Ghetti C, Chen X-J, Brenner AK, Hakvoort LG, Lien L, Fachner J, et al.Music therapy for people with substance use disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 10. Art. No: CD012576. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012576.pub2]

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit