Delivering the National Diabetes Prevention Program: Assessment of Enrollment in In-Person and Virtual Organizations

Michael J Cannon, Boon Peng Ng, Kayla Lloyd, John Reynolds, Elizabeth K Ely, Michael J Cannon, Boon Peng Ng, Kayla Lloyd, John Reynolds, Elizabeth K Ely

Abstract

The aim of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) is to make an evidence-based lifestyle change program widely available to the more than 88 million American adults at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. The National DPP allows for program delivery using four delivery modes: in person, online, distance learning, and combination. The objective of this study was to analyze cumulative enrollment in the National DPP by delivery mode. We included all participants who enrolled in CDC-recognized organizations delivering the lifestyle change program between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2019, and whose data were submitted to CDC's Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program. During this time, the number of participants who enrolled was 455,954. Enrollment, by delivery mode, was 166,691 for in-person; 269,004 for online; 4,786 for distance-learning; and 15,473 for combination. In-person organizations enrolled the lowest proportion of men (19.4%) and the highest proportions of non-Hispanic Black/African American (16.1%) and older (65+ years) participants (28.2%). Online organizations enrolled the highest proportions of men (27.1%), younger (18-44 years) participants (41.5%), and non-Hispanic White participants (70.3%). Distance-learning organizations enrolled the lowest proportion of Hispanic/Latino participants (9.0%). Combination organizations enrolled the highest proportions of Hispanic/Latino participants (37.3%) and participants who had obesity (84.1%). Most in-person participants enrolled in organizations classified as community-centered entities (41.4%) or medical providers (31.2%). Online and distance-learning participants were primarily enrolled (93.3% and 70.2%, respectively) in organizations classified as for-profit businesses or insurers. Participants in combination programs were enrolled almost exclusively in organizations classified as medical providers (89%). The National DPP has reached nearly half a million participants since its inception in 2012, but continued expansion is critical to stem the tide of type 2 diabetes among the many Americans at high risk.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

Copyright © 2022 Michael J. Cannon et al.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cumulative National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) enrollment from 2012 to 2019, per 1,000,000 state population. DPRP: Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program; CMS MDPP: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program.
Figure 2
Figure 2
National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) enrollment per year by delivery mode. For organizations that changed delivery mode from in person to distance learning or combination after 2015, we reclassified their pre-2015 data as such for consistency.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Number of recognized Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP) organizations that enrolled participants in a given year for (a) in-person organizations; (b) online, distance-learning, and combination organizations.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Cumulative number of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- (CDC-) recognized organizations that enrolled participants in any year from 2012 to 2019, per 1,000,000 county population. Organizations are plotted in the map according to the county of their headquarters; it is possible that these organizations also deliver the program at other locations and to some participants who reside in different counties or states.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Cumulative National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) enrollment percentage from 2012-2019 by (a) organization type and delivery mode; (b) organization type and year.

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Source: PubMed

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