Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, multimodal-MRI pilot study of gabapentin for co-occurring bipolar and cannabis use disorders

Abstract

Disrupted brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/glutamate homeostasis is a promising target for pharmacological intervention in co-occurring bipolar disorder (BD) and cannabis use disorder (CUD). Gabapentin is a safe and well-tolerated medication, FDA-approved to treat other neurological diseases, that restores GABA/glutamate homeostasis, with treatment studies supporting efficacy in treating CUD, as well as anxiety and sleep disorders that are common to both BD and CUD. The present manuscript represents the primary report of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover (1-week/condition), multimodal-MRI (proton-MR spectroscopy, functional MRI) pilot study of gabapentin (1200 mg/day) in BD + CUD (n = 22). Primary analyses revealed that (1) gabapentin was well tolerated and adherence and retention were high, (2) gabapentin increased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and right basal ganglia (rBG) glutamate levels and (3) gabapentin increased activation to visual cannabis cues in the posterior midcingulate cortex (pMCC, a region involved in response inhibition to rewarding stimuli). Exploratory evaluation of clinical outcomes further found that in participants taking gabapentin versus placebo, (1) elevations of dACC GABA levels were associated with lower manic/mixed and depressive symptoms and (2) elevations of rBG glutamate levels and pMCC activation to cannabis cues were associated with lower cannabis use. Though promising, the findings from this study should be interpreted with caution due to observed randomization order effects on dACC glutamate levels and identification of statistical moderators that differed by randomization order (i.e. cigarette-smoking status on rBG glutamate levels and pMCC cue activation). Nonetheless, they provide the necessary foundation for a more robustly designed (urn-randomized, parallel-group) future study of adjuvant gabapentin for BD + CUD.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03334721.

Keywords: bipolar disorder; cannabis use disorder; gabapentin.

© 2021 Society for the Study of Addiction.

Figures

Figure 1.

A.) Sample dACC voxel (center), fitted PRESS glutamate spectrum (left), fitted MEGA-PRESS GABA spectrum (right). B.) Sample rBG voxel (center), fitted PRESS glutamate spectrum (left), fitted MEGA-PRESS GABA spectrum (right).

Figure 2.

dACC glutamate levels by treatment condition (GBP=gabapentin, PBO = placebo) and randomization order (rand).

Figure 3.

A.) rBG glutamate levels by treatment condition and smoking status (top=non-smokers, bottom=smokers). B.) dACC GABA levels by treatment condition and YMRS scores during the study (top=below-median YMRS, bottom=above-median YMRS).

Figure 4.

Posterior midcingulate cluster, in which gabapentin increased activation to cannabis cues, but only in cigarette-smoking participants (z > 2.58, FWE