Are endourological procedures for nephrolithiasis treatment associated with renal injury? A review of potential mechanisms and novel diagnostic indexes

Ioannis Mykoniatis, Pantelis Sarafidis, Dimitrios Memmos, Anastasios Anastasiadis, Georgios Dimitriadis, Dimitrios Hatzichristou, Ioannis Mykoniatis, Pantelis Sarafidis, Dimitrios Memmos, Anastasios Anastasiadis, Georgios Dimitriadis, Dimitrios Hatzichristou

Abstract

Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common urological conditions with a huge socio-economic impact. About 50% of recurrent stone-formers have just one lifetime recurrence and >10% of patients present with a high recurrent disease requiring subsequent and sometimes multiple surgical interventions. The advent of new technology has made endourological procedures the pinnacle of stone treatment, including procedures like percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), retrograde intrarenal surgery and miniaturized PCNL procedures. Researchers have primarily focused on comparisons with respect to stone-free rates, procedure parameters and post-operative complications. However, the effect of these three procedures on renal function or indexes of renal injury has not been sufficiently examined. This was only reported in a few studies as a secondary objective with the use of common and not the appropriate and detailed renal parameters. This review presents current literature regarding the use of novel and highly predictive biomarkers for diagnosing acute kidney injury, discusses potential mechanisms through which endourological procedures for renal stone treatment may affect renal function and proposes areas with open questions where future research efforts in the field should focus.

Keywords: KIM-1; acute kidney injury; endourology; nephrolithiasis; renal function.

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Common endourological procedures for the treatment of urinary calculi. (A) ESWL. A correlation between ESWL and AKI has been suggested but more evidence is needed [7]. (B) URS. A semi-rigid ureteroscope is used to treat only ureteral calculi. There is evidence that URS may cause AKI [3] but further research is needed. (C) PCNL. The kidney is punctured and the track is dilated in order to place a sheath for nephroscope insertion and stone fragment removal. PCNL has been associated with AKI but further research is needed [4, 5]. (D) RIRS. A flexible ureteroscope is advanced to the kidney through the ureter in order to perform laser lithotripsy. During RIRS, increased intrarenal pressures are observed, hypothesizing that AKI can manifest following the obstructive uropathy model [6]. Definitive proof of AKI in humans is still lacking.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Sheath sizes for different PCNL types. The different types of PCNL differ in the size of the sheath used to access the kidney. An illustration of the different sizes in each type can be seen for comparison. The most common sizes used are 30 Fr for standard PCNL and 16 Fr for mini-PCNL (ultramini- and micro-PCNL are rare and there is no consensus regarding common practice).

References

    1. Ziemba JB, Matlaga BR.. Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis. Investig Clin Urol 2017; 58: 299–306
    1. Turk C, Petrik A, Sarica K. et al. EAU guidelines on urolithiasis. Eur Assoc Urol 2018; 69: 475–482
    1. Benli E, Ayyildiz SN, Cirrik S, Noyan T. et al. Early term effect of ureterorenoscopy (URS) on the Kidney: research measuring NGAL, KIM-1, FABP and CYS C levels in urine. Int Braz J Urol 2017; 43: 887–895
    1. Jiang C, Qi C, Sun K. et al. Diagnostic value of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase for the early prediction of acute kidney injury after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5: 197–200
    1. Daggülli M, Utangaç MM, Dede O. et al. Potential biomarkers for the early detection of acute kidney injury after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. Ren Fail 2016; 38: 151–156
    1. Tokas T, Skolarikos A, Herrmann TRW. et al. Pressure matters 2: intrarenal pressure ranges during upper-tract endourological procedures. World J Urol 2019; 37: 133–142
    1. Dzięgała M, Krajewski W, Kołodziej A. et al. Evaluation and physiopathology of minor transient shock wave lithotripsy – induced renal injury based on urinary biomarkers levels. Cent Eur J Urol 2018; 71: 214–220
    1. De S, Autorino R, Kim FJ. et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 2015; 67: 125–137.
    1. Zheng C, Xiong B, Wang H. et al. Retrograde intrarenal surgery versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treatment of renal stones >2 cm: a meta-analysis. Urol Int 2014; 93: 417–424
    1. Gao XS, Liao BH, Chen YT. et al. Different tract sizes of miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endourol 2017; 31: 1101–1110
    1. Akman T, Binbay M, Ozgor F. et al. Comparison of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde flexible nephrolithotripsy for the management of 2–4 cm stones: a matched-pair analysis. BJU Int 2012; 109: 1384–1389
    1. Lee JW, Park J, Lee SB. et al. Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs. retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal stones larger than 10 mm: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Urology 2015; 86: 873–877
    1. Ruhayel Y, Tepeler A, Dabestani S. et al. Tract sizes in miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review from the European Association of Urology Urolithiasis Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol 2017; 72: 220–235
    1. Kellum JA, Levin N, Bouman C. et al. Developing a consensus classification system for acute renal failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8: 509–514
    1. Palevsky PM. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: the tip of the iceberg. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 6–7
    1. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA. et al. Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004; 8: R204.
    1. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV. et al. Acute kidney injury network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11: R31–R38
    1. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2012; 2: 1–138
    1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Clinical guideline CG169. London: National Insitute for Health and Care Excellence; 2013:12.
    1. Saratzis A, Harrison S, Barratt J. et al. Intervention associated acute kidney injury and long-term cardiovascular outcomes. Am J Nephrol 2015; 42: 285–294
    1. Stather PW, Sidloff D, Dattani N. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the early and late outcomes of open and endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 863–872
    1. Saratzis A, Melas N, Mahmood A. et al. Incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) and impact on outcome. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015; 49: 534–540
    1. Vaidya VS, Ferguson MA, Bonventre JV.. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 48: 463–493
    1. Edelstein CL. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2008; 15: 222–234
    1. Moran SM, Myers BD.. Course of acute renal failure studied by a model of creatinine kinetics. Kidney Int 1985; 27: 928–937
    1. Vanmassenhove J, Vanholder R, Nagler E, Van Biesen W.. Urinary and serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury: an in-depth review of the literature. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28: 254–273
    1. Ünsal A, Koca G, Reşorlu B. et al. Effect of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and tract dilatation methods on renal function: assessment by quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography of technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid uptake by the kidneys. J Endourol 2010; 24: 1497–1502
    1. Moosanejad N, Firouzian A, Hashemi SA. et al. Comparison of totally tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy and standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy for kidney stones: a randomized, clinical trial. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49: e4878.
    1. Chatham JR, Dykes TE, Kennon WG. et al. Effect of percutaneous nephrolithotomy on differential renal function as measured by mercaptoacetyl triglycine nuclear renography. Urology 2002; 59: 522–525
    1. Moskovitz B, Halachmi S, Sopov V. et al. Effect of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy on renal function: assessment with quantitative SPECT of99mTc-DMSA renal scintigraphy. J Endourol 2006; 20: 102–106
    1. Kiliç S, Oğuz F, Kahraman B. et al. Prospective evaluation of the alterations in the morphology and vascular resistance of the renal parenchyma with color Doppler ultrasonography after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol 2008; 22: 615–621
    1. Bayrak O, Seckiner I, Erturhan SM. et al. Analysis of changes in the glomerular filtration rate as measured by the Cockroft-Gault formula in the early period after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Korean J Urol 2012; 53: 552–555
    1. Su B, Liang W, Hu W. et al. Long-term outcomes of ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with solitary kidneys: a single-center experience. World J Urol 2019; 37: 951–956
    1. Handa RK, Matlaga BR, Connors BA. et al. Acute effects of percutaneous tract dilation on renal function and structure. J Endourol 2006; 20: 1030–1040
    1. Hegarty NJ, Desai MM.. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy requiring multiple tracts: comparison of morbidity with single-tract procedures. J Endourol 2006; 20: 753–760
    1. Bilen CY, Inci K, Kocak B. et al. Impact of percutaneous nephrolithotomy on estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Endourol 2008; 22: 895–900
    1. Nouralizadeh A, Sichani MM, Kashi AH.. Impacts of percutaneous nephrolithotomy on the estimated glomerular filtration rate during the first few days after surgery. Urol Res 2011; 39: 129–133
    1. Bucuras V, Gopalakrishnam G, Wolf JS. et al. The Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Global Study: nephrolithotomy in 189 patients with solitary kidneys. J Endourol 2012; 26: 336–341
    1. El-Tabey NA, El-Nahas AR, Eraky I. et al. Long-term functional outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in solitary kidney. Urology 2014; 83: 1011–1015
    1. Murray PT, Mehta RL, Shaw A. et al. Potential use of biomarkers in acute kidney injury: report and summary of recommendations from the 10th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative consensus conference. Kidney Int 2014; 85: 513–521
    1. Parikh CR, Devarajan P.. New biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 2008; 36(Suppl 4): S159–65
    1. McIlroy DR, Wagener G, Lee HT.. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury: an evolving domain. Anesthesiology 2010; 112: 998–1004
    1. Malhotra R, Siew ED.. Biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12: 149–173
    1. Haase M, Bellomo R, Devarajan P. et al. Novel biomarkers early predict the severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in adults. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88: 124–130
    1. Han WK, Waikar SS, Johnson A. et al. Urinary biomarkers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 863–869
    1. Liangos O, Tighiouart H, Perianayagam MC. et al. Comparative analysis of urinary biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury following cardiopulmonary bypass. Biomarkers 2009; 14: 423–431
    1. Srivastava A, Singh S, Dhayal IR, Rai P.. A prospective randomized study comparing the four tract dilation methods of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. World J Urol 2017; 35: 803–807
    1. Liu Q, Zhou L, Cai X. et al. Fluoroscopy versus ultrasound for image guidance during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urolithiasis 2017; 45: 481–487
    1. de la Rosette J, Assimos D, Desai M. et al. The Clinical Research OEffice of theendourological Society Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Global Study: indications, complications, and outcomes in 5803 patients. J Endourol 2011; 25: 11–17
    1. dle a Rosette J, Opondo D, Daels FPJ. et al. Categorisation of complications and validation of the Clavien score for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Eur Urol 2012; 62: 246–255
    1. Dede O, Dağguli M, Utanğaç M. et al. Urinary expression of acute kidney injury biomarkers in patients after RIRS: it is a prospective, controlled study. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8: 8147–8152
    1. Balasar M, Pişkin MM, Topcu C. et al. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 levels in renal stone patients. World J Urol 2016; 34: 1311–1316
    1. Mertoglu C, Bozkurt A, Keskin E, Gunay M.. Evaluation of the effect of retrograde intrarenal surgery with myo-inositol oxygenase. Pakistan J Med Sci 2018; 34: 170–174
    1. Ivancev K, Ekelund L, Jonsson N.. Morphologic changes following nephrostomy track dilatation: an experimental investigation in the pig. Acta Radiol 1986; 27: 123–126
    1. Atici Ş, Zeren S, Ariboğan A.. Hormonal and hemodynamic changes during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Int Urol Nephrol 2001; 32: 311–314
    1. Söylemez H, Bozkurt Y, Penbegül N. et al. Time-dependent oxidative stress effects of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Urolithiasis 2013; 41: 65–71
    1. Kopp UC, DiBona GF.. Neural regulation of renin secretion. Semin Nephrol 1993; 13: 543–551
    1. Behnamfar A, Alizadeh F, Sichani M. et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: effect of unilateral procedure on contralateral kidney function. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3: 227.
    1. Ekelund L, Lindstedt E, Lundquist SB. et al. Studies on renal damage from percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy. J Urol 1986; 135: 682–685
    1. Dawaba MS, Shokeir AA, Hafez AT. et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children: early and late anatomical and functional results. J Urol 2004; 172: 1078–1081
    1. Hoarau N, Martin F, Lebdai S. et al. Impact of retrograde flexible ureteroscopy and intracorporeal lithotripsy on kidney functional outcomes. Int Braz J Urol 2015; 41: 920–926
    1. Jung H, Osther P.. Intraluminal pressure profiles during flexible ureterorenoscopy. Springerplus 2015; 4: 373.
    1. Grande MT, Pérez-Barriocanal F, Lápez-Novoa JM.. Role of inflammation in tubulo-interstitial damage associated to obstructive nephropathy. J Inflamm 2010; 7: 19
    1. Hamdi A, Hajage D, Van Glabeke E. et al. Severe post-renal acute kidney injury, post-obstructive diuresis and renal recovery. BJU Int 2012; 110: E1027–E1034
    1. Cao Z, Yu W, Li W. et al. Acute kidney injuries induced by various irrigation pressures in rat models of mild and severe hydronephrosis. Urology 2013; 82: 1453.e9–16
    1. Nicklas AP, Schilling D, Bader MJ. et al. The vacuum cleaner effect in minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy. World J Urol 2015; 33: 1847–1853
    1. Pérez-Fentes D, Cortés J, Gude F. et al. Does percutaneous nephrolithotomy and its outcomes have an impact on renal function? Quantitative analysis using SPECT-CT DMSA. Urolithiasis 2014; 42: 461–467
    1. Liou LS, Streem SB.. Long-term renal functional effects of shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and combination therapy: a comparative study of patients with solitary kidney. J Urol 2001; 166: 36.
    1. Tomlanovich S, Golbetz H, Perlroth M. et al. Limitations of creatinine in quantifying the severity of cyclosporine-induced chronic nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1986; 8: 332–337
    1. Hewitt SM, Dear J, Star RA.. Discovery of protein biomarkers for renal diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 1677–1689
    1. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D. et al. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1913–1917
    1. Bihorac A, Yavas S, Subbiah S. et al. Long-term risk of mortality and acute kidney injury during hospitalization after major surgery. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 851–858
    1. Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R. et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005; 294: 813–818
    1. Haase M, Bellomo R, Devarajan P. et al. Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54: 1012–1024
    1. Lin X, Yuan J, Zhao Y. et al. Urine interleukin-18 in prediction of acute kidney injury: a systemic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol 2015; 28: 7–16
    1. Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Hüsing J. et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1115–1122
    1. Falagas ME, Pitsouni EI, Malietzis GA. et al. Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: strengths and weaknesses. FASEB J 2008; 22: 338–342
    1. Wang SJ, Mu XN, Zhang LY. et al. The incidence and clinical features of acute kidney injury secondary to ureteral calculi. Urol Res 2012; 40: 345–348

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit