Avoiding Postnatal Growth Retardation by Individualized Fortification of Breast Milk: Implications for Somatic and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Christoph Fusch, Christoph Fusch

No abstract available

Keywords: fortification; human milk; variation.

Conflict of interest statement

No competing financial interests exist.

Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Postnatal growth restriction in very low birth weight infants. Adapted from Ehrenkranz et al., 1999.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Inter- and intraindividual variation in breast milk samples.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
Target fortification of breast milk leads to predictable growth (a,b). 3a is modified from Rochow et al., 2013.

References

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    1. Rochow N, Raja P, Liu K, et al. . Physiological adjustment to postnatal growth trajectories in healthy preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2016;79:870–879
    1. Rochow N, Fusch G, Choi A, et al. . Target fortification of breast milk with fat, protein, and carbohydrates for preterm infants. J Pediatr 2013;163:1001–1007
    1. Sauer CW, Boutin MA, Kim JH. Wide variability in caloric density of expressed human milk can lead to major underestimation or overestimation of nutrient content. J Hum Lact 2017;33:341–350
    1. Henriksen C, Westerberg AC, Rønnestad A, et al. . Growth and nutrient intake among very-low-birth-weight infants fed fortified human milk during hospitalisation. Br J Nutr 2009;102:1179–1186
    1. Stephens BE, Walden RV, Gargus RA, et al. . First-week protein and energy intakes are associated with 18-month developmental outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2009;123:1337–1343
    1. Fusch G, Kwan C, Kotrri G, et al. . “Bed side” human milk analysis in the neonatal intensive care unit: A systematic review. Clin Perinatol 2017;44:209–267
    1. Fusch G, Kwan C, Huang RC, et al. . Need of quality control programme when using near-infrared human milk analyzers. Acta Paediatr 2016;105:324–325
    1. Rochow N, Fusch G, Ali A, et al. Target Fortification with Protein, Lactose and Fat for Preterm Infants Improves Growth Outcomes - A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Annual Meeting of the Pediatric Academic Society (PAS), 2016, Baltimore

Source: PubMed

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