Home blood pressure monitoring: methodology, clinical relevance and practical application: a 2021 position paper by the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension

Gianfranco Parati, George S Stergiou, Grzegorz Bilo, Anastasios Kollias, Martino Pengo, Juan Eugenio Ochoa, Rajiv Agarwal, Kei Asayama, Roland Asmar, Michel Burnier, Alejandro De La Sierra, Cristina Giannattasio, Philippe Gosse, Geoffrey Head, Satoshi Hoshide, Yutaka Imai, Kazuomi Kario, Yan Li, Efstathios Manios, Jonathan Mant, Richard J McManus, Thomas Mengden, Anastasia S Mihailidou, Paul Muntner, Martin Myers, Teemu Niiranen, Angeliki Ntineri, Eoin O'Brien, José Andres Octavio, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Stefano Omboni, Paul Padfield, Paolo Palatini, Dario Pellegrini, Nicolas Postel-Vinay, Agustin J Ramirez, James E Sharman, Andrew Shennan, Egle Silva, Jirar Topouchian, Camilla Torlasco, Ji Guang Wang, Michael A Weber, Paul K Whelton, William B White, Giuseppe Mancia, Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension, Gianfranco Parati, George S Stergiou, Grzegorz Bilo, Anastasios Kollias, Martino Pengo, Juan Eugenio Ochoa, Rajiv Agarwal, Kei Asayama, Roland Asmar, Michel Burnier, Alejandro De La Sierra, Cristina Giannattasio, Philippe Gosse, Geoffrey Head, Satoshi Hoshide, Yutaka Imai, Kazuomi Kario, Yan Li, Efstathios Manios, Jonathan Mant, Richard J McManus, Thomas Mengden, Anastasia S Mihailidou, Paul Muntner, Martin Myers, Teemu Niiranen, Angeliki Ntineri, Eoin O'Brien, José Andres Octavio, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Stefano Omboni, Paul Padfield, Paolo Palatini, Dario Pellegrini, Nicolas Postel-Vinay, Agustin J Ramirez, James E Sharman, Andrew Shennan, Egle Silva, Jirar Topouchian, Camilla Torlasco, Ji Guang Wang, Michael A Weber, Paul K Whelton, William B White, Giuseppe Mancia, Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension

Abstract

The present paper provides an update of previous recommendations on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring from the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability sequentially published in years 2000, 2008 and 2010. This update has taken into account new evidence in this field, including a recent statement by the American Heart association, as well as technological developments, which have occurred over the past 20 years. The present document has been developed by the same ESH Working Group with inputs from an international team of experts, and has been endorsed by the ESH.

Conflict of interest statement

R.A. has received honoraria from Akebia, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chinook, Diamedica, Merck, Reata, Relypsa and Sanofi, and has received royalties from UpToDate. R.A. is supported by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute grant R01 HL126903 and U.S. Veterans Administration grant I01CX001753. K.A. has received Research support from Omron Healthcare.

P.G. has received Research grants from Recor Medical. K.K. has received Research grants from Omron Healthcare Fukuda Denshi, and A&D, Otsuka Medical. Y.L. has received research grants from A&D, Bayer, Omron and lecture fees from A&D, Daiichi Sankyo, Omron and Takeda. J.M. is part of the Scientific Advisory Board for BMS/Pfizer. R.J.M., grant income from NIHR; telemonitoring development and evaluation with Omron (all fees to his institution); speaker expenses ESH 2019 and ASN 2019. Honoraria paid to his institution/College. A.S.M. has received research funding from Novartis & honorarium from Merck, Servier, Hillrom. T.O. has received research grant from Omron Healthcare Co.Ltd. S.O. is a scientific consultant of Biotechmed Ltd. provider of telemedicine services. G.P. has received honoraria for lectures by OMRON Healthcare, SERVIER, Sanofi, FIDIA.

P.P. has received honoraria for validation Studies from MIcrolife, AND, and Hingmed. G.S. has conducted validation studies for various manufacturers of blood pressure measurement technologies and advised manufacturers on device and software development. J.-G.W. has received grants from Omron. M.A.W. is a consultant for Medtronic; ReCor; Ablative Solutions; Urovant; Regeneron; Bayer.

W.B.W. is a cardiovascular safety consultant (DSMB, CV endpoints committees) for Astra-Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Takeda-Millenium; and editor for UptoDate (Wolters Kluwer).

Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

References

    1. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. . List of authors/Task Force members. 2018 Practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens 2018; 36:2284–2309.
    1. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. . 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018; 71:1269–1324.
    1. Asmar R, Zanchetti A. Guidelines for the use of self-blood pressure monitoring: a summary report of the First International Consensus Conference. Groupe Evaluation & Measure of the French Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2000; 18:493–508.
    1. Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, Bilo G, de Leeuw P, Imai Y, et al. . ESH Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the Second International Consensus Conference on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1505–1526.
    1. Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, Bilo G, de Leeuw P, Imai Y, et al. . ESH Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for home blood pressure monitoring. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24:779–785.
    1. Shimbo D, Artinian NT, Basile JN, Krakoff LR, Margolis KL, Rakotz MK, et al. . American Heart Association and the American Medical Association. Self-measured blood pressure monitoring at home: a joint policy statement from the American Heart Association and American Medical Association. Circulation 2020; 142:e42–e63.
    1. Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG136]. Available at: . [Accessed 20 April 2021]
    1. Lovibond K, Jowett S, Barton P, Caulfield M, Heneghan C, Hobbs FD, et al. . Cost-effectiveness of options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a modelling study. Lancet 2011; 378:1219–1230.
    1. Kario K, Imai Y, Kollias A, Niiranen TJ, Ohkubo T, McManus RJ. Stergiou G, Parati G, Mancia G, et al.. Diagnostic value of home blood pressure. Springer, Home blood pressure monitoring. Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection. Cham: 2019.
    1. Sanchez RA, Boggia J, Penaherrera E, Barroso WS, Barbosa E, Villar R, et al. . Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 24 h: a Latin American Society of Hypertension position paper-accessibility, clinical use and cost effectiveness of ABPM in Latin America in year. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:527–543.
    1. Villar R, Sanchez RA, Boggia J, Penaherrera E, Lopez J, Barroso WS, et al. . Recommendations for home blood pressure monitoring in Latin American countries: a Latin American Society of Hypertension position paper. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:544–554.
    1. Nerenberg KA, Zarnke KB, Leung AA, Dasgupta K, Butalia S, McBrien K, et al. . Hypertension Canada. Hypertension Canada's 2018 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34:506–525.
    1. Hodgkinson JA, Lee MM, Milner S, Bradburn P, Stevens R, Hobbs FR, et al. . Accuracy of blood-pressure monitors owned by patients with hypertension (ACCU-RATE study): a cross-sectional, observational study in central England. Br J Gen Pract 2020; 70:e548–e554.
    1. Tucker KL, Bankhead C, Hodgkinson J, Roberts N, Stevens R, Heneghan C, et al. . How do home and clinic blood pressure readings compare in pregnancy? Hypertension 2018; 72:686–694.
    1. Clark CE, McDonagh STJ, McManus RJ. Accuracy of automated blood pressure measurements in the presence of atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 33:352–364.
    1. Stergiou G, Efstathiou S, Alamara C, Mastorantonakis S, Roussias L. Home or self blood pressure measurement? What is the correct term? J Hypertens 2003; 21:2259–2264.
    1. Stergiou GS, Baibas NM, Gantzarou AP, Skeva II, Kalkana CB, Roussias LG, Mountokalakis TD. Reproducibility of home, ambulatory, and clinic blood pressure: implications for the design of trials for the assessment of antihypertensive drug efficacy. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15 (2 Pt 1):101–104.
    1. Stergiou GS, Ntineri A. The optimal schedule for self-home blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 2015; 33:693–697.
    1. Guo QH, Cheng YB, Zhang DY, Wang Y, Huang QF, Sheng CS, et al. . Comparison between home and ambulatory morning blood pressure and morning hypertension in their reproducibility and associations with vascular injury. Hypertension 2019; 74:137–144.
    1. Schwartz JE, Muntner P, Kronish IM, Burg MM, Pickering TG, Bigger JT, et al. . Reliability of office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure measurements and correlation with left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76:2911–2922.
    1. Stergiou GS, Bountzona I, Alamara C, Vazeou A, Kollias A, Ntineri A. Reproducibility of office and out-of-office blood pressure measurements in children: implications for clinical practice and research. Hypertension 2021; 77:993–1000.
    1. Stergiou GS, Salgami EV, Tzamouranis DG, Roussias LG. Masked hypertension assessed by ambulatory blood pressure versus home blood pressure monitoring: is it the same phenomenon? Am J Hypertens 2005; 18:772–778.
    1. Stergiou GS, Kyriakoulis KG, McManus RJ, Andreadis EA, Jula A, Kollias A, et al. . Phenotypes of masked hypertension: isolated ambulatory, isolated home and dual masked hypertension. J Hypertens 2020; 38:218–223.
    1. Anstey DE, Muntner P, Bello NA, Pugliese DN, Yano Y, Kronish IM, et al. . Diagnosing masked hypertension using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, home blood pressure monitoring, or both? Hypertension 2018; 72:1200–1207.
    1. Mancia G, Sega R, Grassi G, Cesana G, Zanchetti A. Defining ambulatory and home blood pressure normality: further considerations based on data from the PAMELA study. J Hypertens 2001; 19:995–999.
    1. Bliziotis IA, Destounis A, Stergiou GS. Home versus ambulatory and office blood pressure in predicting target organ damage in hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2012; 30:1289–1299.
    1. Ishikawa J, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Ishikawa S, Shimada K, Kario K. Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure Study Investigators Group. Nighttime home blood pressure and the risk of hypertensive target organ damage. Hypertension 2012; 60:921–928.
    1. Matsui Y, Ishikawa J, Eguchi K, Shibasaki S, Shimada K, Kario K. Maximum value of home blood pressure: a novel indicator of target organ damage in hypertension. Hypertension 2011; 57:1087–1093.
    1. Her AY, Kim YH, Rim SJ, Kim JY, Choi EY, Min PK, et al. . Home blood pressure is the predictor of subclinical target organ damage like ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in untreated hypertensive patients. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2014; 14:711–718.
    1. Tsunoda S, Kawano Y, Horio T, Okuda N, Takishita S. Relationship between home blood pressure and longitudinal changes in target organ damage in treated hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2002; 25:167–173.
    1. Mancia G, Zanchetti A, Agabiti-Rosei E, Benemio G, De Cesaris R, Fogari R, et al. . Ambulatory blood pressure is superior to clinic blood pressure in predicting treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. SAMPLE Study Group. Study on Ambulatory Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Lisinopril Evaluation. Circulation 1997; 95:1464–1470.
    1. Hara A, Tanaka K, Ohkubo T, Kondo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, et al. . Ambulatory versus home versus clinic blood pressure: the association with subclinical cerebrovascular diseases: the Ohasama Study. Hypertension 2012; 59:22–28.
    1. Tanaka Y, Daida H, Imai Y, Miyauchi K, Sato Y, Hiwatari M, et al. . Morning home blood pressure may be a significant marker of nephropathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: ADVANCED-J study 1. Hypertens Res 2009; 32:770–774.
    1. Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Correlates of systolic hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease. Hypertension 2005; 46:514–520.
    1. Ward AM, Takahashi O, Stevens R, Heneghan C. Home measurement of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Hypertens 2012; 30:449–456.
    1. Stergiou GS, Siontis KC, Ioannidis JP. Home blood pressure as a cardiovascular outcome predictor: it's time to take this method seriously. Hypertension 2010; 55:1301–1303.
    1. Kario K, Shimbo D, Hoshide S, Wang JG, Asayama K, Ohkubo T, et al. . Emergence of home blood pressure-guided management of hypertension based on global evidence. Hypertension 2019; 74:HYPERTENSIONAHA11912630.
    1. Niiranen TJ, Asayama K, Thijs L, Johansson JK, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, et al. . International Database of Home blood pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome Investigators. Outcome-driven thresholds for home blood pressure measurement: international database of home blood pressure in relation to cardiovascular outcome. Hypertension 2013; 61:27–34.
    1. Shimada K, Kario K, Kushiro T, Teramukai S, Zenimura N, Ishikawa Y, et al. . Prognostic significance of on-treatment home and clinic blood pressure for predicting cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients in the HONEST study. J Hypertens 2016; 34:1520–1527.
    1. Niiranen TJ, Maki J, Puukka P, Karanko H, Jula AM. Office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures as predictors of cardiovascular risk. Hypertension 2014; 64:281–286.
    1. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Cesana G, Corrao G, Grassi G, Mancia G. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation 2005; 111:1777–1783.
    1. Shimbo D, Abdalla M, Falzon L, Townsend RR, Muntner P. Studies comparing ambulatory blood pressure and home blood pressure on cardiovascular disease and mortality outcomes: a systematic review. J Am Soc Hypertens 2016; 10:224.e17–234.e17.
    1. Mancia G, Facchetti R, Seravalle G, Cuspidi C, Corrao G, Grassi G. Adding home and/or ambulatory blood pressure to office blood pressure for cardiovascular risk prediction. Hypertension 2021; 77:640–649.
    1. Jung O, Gechter JL, Wunder C, Paulke A, Bartel C, Geiger H, et al. . Resistant hypertension? Assessment of adherence by toxicological urine analysis. J Hypertens 2013; 31:766–774.
    1. Corrao G, Parodi A, Nicotra F, Zambon A, Merlino L, Cesana G, Mancia G. Better compliance to antihypertensive medications reduces cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 2011; 29:610–618.
    1. Vrijens B, Antoniou S, Burnier M, de la Sierra A, Volpe M. Current situation of medication adherence in hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:100.
    1. Ogedegbe G, Schoenthaler A. A systematic review of the effects of home blood pressure monitoring on medication adherence. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2006; 8:174–180.
    1. Vrijens B, Goetghebeur E. Comparing compliance patterns between randomized treatments. Control Clin Trials 1997; 18:187–203.
    1. Fletcher BR, Hartmann-Boyce J, Hinton L, McManus RJ. The effect of self-monitoring of blood pressure on medication adherence and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1209–1221.
    1. Tang O, Foti K, Miller ER, Appel LJ, Juraschek SP. Factors associated with physician recommendation of home blood pressure monitoring and blood pressure in the US population. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:852–859.
    1. Parati G, Omboni S, Compare A, Grossi E, Callus E, Venco A, et al. . Blood pressure control and treatment adherence in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome: protocol of a randomized controlled study based on home blood pressure telemonitoring vs. conventional management and assessment of psychological determinants of adherence (TELEBPMET Study). Trials 2013; 14:22.
    1. McManus RJ, Mant J, Franssen M, Nickless A, Schwartz C, Hodgkinson J, et al. . TASMINH4 investigators. Efficacy of self-monitored blood pressure, with or without telemonitoring, for titration of antihypertensive medication (TASMINH4): an unmasked randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2018; 391:949–959.
    1. Mengden T, Binswanger B, Spuhler T, Weisser B, Vetter W. The use of self-measured blood pressure determinations in assessing dynamics of drug compliance in a study with amlodipine once a day, morning versus evening. J Hypertens 1993; 11:1403–1411.
    1. McManus RJ, Mant J, Bray EP, Holder R, Jones MI, Greenfield S, et al. . Telemonitoring and self-management in the control of hypertension (TASMINH2): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376:163–172.
    1. McManus RJ, Mant J, Haque MS, Bray EP, Bryan S, Greenfield SM, et al. . Effect of self-monitoring and medication self-titration on systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: the TASMIN-SR randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 312:799–808.
    1. Agarwal R, Bills JE, Hecht TJ, Light RP. Role of home blood pressure monitoring in overcoming therapeutic inertia and improving hypertension control: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 2011; 57:29–38.
    1. Tucker KL, Sheppard JP, Stevens R, Bosworth HB, Bove A, Bray EP, et al. . Self-monitoring of blood pressure in hypertension: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002389.
    1. de la Sierra A, Mihailidou A, Wang JG, Shimbo D, McManus RJ. Stergiou G, Parati G, Mancia G. Home blood pressure monitoring, treatment adherence and hypertension control. Home blood pressure monitoring. Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection. Cham: Springer; 2019. 73–78.
    1. McManus RJ, Little P, Stuart B, Morton K, Raftery J, Kelly J, et al. . HOME BP investigators. Home and Online Management and Evaluation of Blood Pressure (HOME BP) using a digital intervention in poorly controlled hypertension: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2021; 372:m4858.
    1. Kollias A, Kyriakoulis KG, Stambolliu E, Ntineri A, Anagnostopoulos I, Stergiou GS. Seasonal blood pressure variation assessed by different measurement methods: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2020; 38:791–798.
    1. Stergiou GS, Palatini P, Modesti PA, Asayama K, Asmar R, Bilo G, et al. . Seasonal variation in blood pressure: evidence, consensus and recommendations for clinical practice. Consensus statement by the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. J Hypertens 2020; 38:1235–1243.
    1. Narita K, Hoshide S, Fujiwara T, Kanegae H, Kario K. Seasonal variation of home blood pressure and its association with target organ damage: the J-HOP Study (Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure). Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:620–628.
    1. Padwal RS, Majumdar SR. Comparability of two commonly used automated office blood pressure devices in the severely obese. Blood Press Monit 2016; 21:313–315.
    1. Azaki A, Diab R, Harb A, Asmar R, Chahine MN. Questionable accuracy of home blood pressure measurements in the obese population - validation of the Microlife WatchBP O3((R)) and Omron RS6((R)) devices according to the European Society of Hypertension-International Protocol. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2017; 13:61–69.
    1. Stergiou GS, Kollias A, Destounis A, Tzamouranis D. Automated blood pressure measurement in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2012; 30:2074–2082.
    1. Stergiou GS, Dolan E, Kollias A, Poulter NR, Shennan A, Staessen JA, et al. . Blood pressure measurement in special populations and circumstances. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:1122–1127.
    1. Edmondson D, Arndt J, Alcantara C, Chaplin W, Schwartz JE. Self-esteem and the acute effect of anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure. Psychosom Med 2015; 77:833–841.
    1. Parati G, Mendis S, Abegunde D, Asmar R, Mieke S, Murray A, et al. . Recommendations for blood pressure measuring devices for office/clinic use in low resource settings. Blood Press Monit 2005; 10:3–10.
    1. Stergiou GS, O’Brien E, Myers M, Palatini P, Parati G, Kollias A, et al. . STRIDE BP Scientific Advisory Board. STRIDE BP international initiative for accurate blood pressure measurement: systematic review of published validation studies of blood pressure measuring devices. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:1616–1622.
    1. Stergiou GS, Palatini P, Asmar R, Ioannidis JP, Kollias A, Lacy P, et al. . European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. Recommendations and Practical Guidance for performing and reporting validation studies according to the Universal Standard for the validation of blood pressure measuring devices by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/European Society of Hypertension/International Organization for Standardization (AAMI/ESH/ISO). J Hypertens 2019; 37:459–466.
    1. Palatini P, Frick GN. Cuff and bladder: overlooked components of BP measurement devices in the modern era? Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:136–138.
    1. Bilo G, Sala O, Perego C, Faini A, Gao L, Gluszewska A, et al. . Impact of cuff positioning on blood pressure measurement accuracy: may a specially designed cuff make a difference? Hypertens Res 2017; 40:573–580.
    1. Nathan HL, Vousden N, Lawley E, de Greeff A, Hezelgrave NL, Sloan N, et al. . Development and evaluation of a novel Vital Signs Alert device for use in pregnancy in low-resource settings. BMJ Innov 2018; 4:192–198.
    1. Cohen JB, Wong TC, Alpert BS, Townsend RR. Assessing the accuracy of the OMRON HEM-907XL oscillometric blood pressure measurement device in patients with nondialytic chronic kidney disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:296–302.
    1. (NICE). NIfHaCE. Hypertension. The clinical management of primary hypertension in adults. Clinical Guideline 127; 2011. Available at: [Accessed 20 April 2021]
    1. Alpert BS, Quinn D, Gallick D. Oscillometric blood pressure: a review for clinicians. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8:930–938.
    1. O’Brien E, Waeber B, Parati G, Staessen J, Myers MG. Blood pressure measuring devices: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. BMJ 2001; 322:531–536.
    1. Irving G, Holden J, Stevens R, McManus RJ. Which cuff should I use? Indirect blood pressure measurement for the diagnosis of hypertension in patients with obesity: a diagnostic accuracy review. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012429.
    1. Casiglia E, Tikhonoff V, Albertini F, Palatini P. Poor reliability of wrist blood pressure self-measurement at home: a population-based study. Hypertension 2016; 68:896–903.
    1. Parati G, Asmar R, Stergiou GS. Self blood pressure monitoring at home by wrist devices: a reliable approach? J Hypertens 2002; 20:573–578.
    1. Asayama K, Fujiwara T, Hoshide S, Ohkubo T, Kario K, Stergiou GS, et al. . International Expert Group of Nocturnal Home Blood Pressure. Nocturnal blood pressure measured by home devices: evidence and perspective for clinical application. J Hypertens 2019; 37:905–916.
    1. Postel-Vinay N, Bobrie G, Savard S, Persu A, Amar L, Azizi M, Parati G. Home blood pressure measurement and digital health: communication technologies create a new context. J Hypertens 2018; 36:2125–2131.
    1. Frederix I, Caiani EG, Dendale P, Anker S, Bax J, Bohm A, et al. . ESC e-Cardiology Working Group Position Paper: overcoming challenges in digital health implementation in cardiovascular medicine. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26:1166–1177.
    1. Parati G, Pellegrini D, Torlasco C. How digital health can be applied for preventing and managing hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2019; 21:40.
    1. Kuwabara M, Harada K, Hishiki Y, Kario K. Validation of two watch-type wearable blood pressure monitors according to the ANSI/AAMI/ISO81060-2:2013 guidelines: Omron HEM-6410T-ZM and HEM-6410T-ZL. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:853–858.
    1. Chan M, Esteve D, Fourniols JY, Escriba C, Campo E. Smart wearable systems: current status and future challenges. Artif Intell Med 2012; 56:137–156.
    1. O’Brien E, Stergiou GS. The pursuit of accurate blood pressure measurement: a 35-year travail. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:746–752.
    1. Stergiou GS, Alpert BS, Mieke S, Wang J, O’Brien E. Validation protocols for blood pressure measuring devices in the 21st century. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:1096–1099.
    1. O’Brien E, Stergiou G, Palatini P, Asmar R, Ioannidis JP, Kollias A, et al. . European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. Validation protocols for blood pressure measuring devices: the impact of the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol and the development of a Universal Standard. Blood Press Monit 2019; 24:163–166.
    1. Stergiou GS, Alpert B, Mieke S, Asmar R, Atkins N, Eckert S, et al. . A universal standard for the validation of blood pressure measuring devices: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/European Society of Hypertension/International Organization for Standardization (AAMI/ESH/ISO) Collaboration Statement. J Hypertens 2018; 36:472–478.
    1. Stergiou GS, O’Brien E, Myers M, Palatini P, Parati G. STRIDE BP Scientific Advisory Board. STRIDE BP: an international initiative for accurate blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2020; 38:395–399.
    1. Coleman A, Freeman P, Steel S, Shennan A. Validation of the Omron 705IT (HEM-759-E) oscillometric blood pressure monitoring device according to the British Hypertension Society protocol. Blood Press Monit 2006; 11:27–32.
    1. Gupta M, Shennan AH, Halligan A, Taylor DJ, de Swiet M. Accuracy of oscillometric blood pressure monitoring in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104:350–355.
    1. van Ittersum FJ, Wijering RM, Lambert J, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. Determinants of the limits of agreement between the sphygmomanometer and the SpaceLabs 90207 device for blood pressure measurement in health volunteers and insulin-dependent diabetic patients. J Hypertens 1998; 16:1125–1130.
    1. van Popele NM, Bos WJ, de Beer NA, van Der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, Witteman JC. Arterial stiffness as underlying mechanism of disagreement between an oscillometric blood pressure monitor and a sphygmomanometer. Hypertension 2000; 36:484–488.
    1. Coleman AJ, Steel SD, Ashworth M, Vowler SL, Shennan A. Accuracy of the pressure scale of sphygmomanometers in clinical use within primary care. Blood Press Monit 2005; 10:181–188.
    1. O’Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Mancia G, et al. . European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2003; 21:821–848.
    1. ISO 81060-2:2018/Amd 1:2020. Non-invasive sphygmomanometers -- Part 2: Clinical investigation of intermittent automated measurement type -- Amendment 1. Available at .
    1. Palatini P, Asmar R, Bilo G, Parati G. Stergiou G, Parati G, Mancia G. Cuff design for home blood pressure monitors. Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection; home blood pressure monitoring 2019. 13–22.
    1. O’Brien E, Petrie J, Littler WA, De Swiet M, Padfield PD, Dillon MJ. Blood pressure measurement: recommendations of the British hypertension society 3rd edn. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 1997.
    1. Palatini P, Benetti E, Fania C, Saladini F. Only troncoconical cuffs can provide accurate blood pressure measurements in people with severe obesity. J Hypertens 2019; 37:37–41.
    1. Palatini P, Benetti E, Fania C, Ermolao A, Spinella P, Battista F, et al. . Effect of the shape of the cuff on blood pressure measurement in people with large arms. Blood Press 2020; 29:241–246.
    1. Sharma M, Barbosa K, Ho V, Griggs D, Ghirmai T, Krishnan S, et al. . Cuff-less and continuous blood pressure monitoring: a methodological review. Technologies 2017; 5:21.
    1. Parati G, Casadei R, Groppelli A, Di Rienzo M, Mancia G. Comparison of finger and intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring at rest and during laboratory testing. Hypertension 1989; 13 (6 Pt 1):647–655.
    1. Cho J. Current status and prospects of health-related sensing technology in wearable devices. J Healthc Eng 2019; 2019:3924508.
    1. Kachuee M, Kiani MM, Mohammadzade H, Shabany M. Cuffless blood pressure estimation algorithms for continuous health-care monitoring. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:859–869.
    1. Bilo G, Zorzi C, Ochoa Munera JE, Torlasco C, Giuli V, Parati G. Validation of the Somnotouch-NIBP noninvasive continuous blood pressure monitor according to the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol revision. Blood Press Monit 2015; 20:291–294.
    1. Loukogeorgakis S, Dawson R, Phillips N, Martyn CN, Greenwald SE. Validation of a device to measure arterial pulse wave velocity by a photoplethysmographic method. Physiol Meas 2002; 23:581–596.
    1. De Luca N, Izzo R, Iaccarino G, Malini PL, Morisco C, Rozza F, et al. . The use of a telematic connection for the follow-up of hypertensive patients improves the cardiovascular prognosis. J Hypertens 2005; 23:1417–1423.
    1. Mengden T, Ewald S, Kaufmann S, vor dem Esche J, Uen S, Vetter H. Telemonitoring of blood pressure self measurement in the OLMETEL study. Blood Press Monit 2004; 9:321–325.
    1. Parati G, Dolan E, McManus RJ, Omboni S. Home blood pressure telemonitoring in the 21st century. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:1128–1132.
    1. Omboni S, Gazzola T, Carabelli G, Parati G. Clinical usefulness and cost effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Hypertens 2013; 31:455–467.
    1. Duan Y, Xie Z, Dong F, Wu Z, Lin Z, Sun N, Xu J. Effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 31:427–437.
    1. Margolis KL, Asche SE, Bergdall AR, Dehmer SP, Groen SE, Kadrmas HM, et al. . Effect of home blood pressure telemonitoring and pharmacist management on blood pressure control: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013; 310:46–56.
    1. Margolis KL, Asche SE, Dehmer SP, Bergdall AR, Green BB, Sperl-Hillen JM, et al. . Long-term outcomes of the effects of home blood pressure telemonitoring and pharmacist management on blood pressure among adults with uncontrolled hypertension: follow-up of a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e181617.
    1. Parati G, Omboni S, Albini F, Piantoni L, Giuliano A, Revera M, et al. . Home blood pressure telemonitoring improves hypertension control in general practice. The TeleBPCare study. J Hypertens 2009; 27:198–203.
    1. Bobrie G, Postel-Vinay N, Delonca J, Corvol P, Investigators S. Self-measurement and self-titration in hypertension: a pilot telemedicine study. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20:1314–1320.
    1. Bobrie G, Delonca J, Moulin C, Giacomino A, Postel-Vinay N, Asmar R, et al. . COmparative Study of Efficacy of Irbesartan/HCTZ with Valsartan/HCTZ Using Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in the TreAtment of Mild-to-Moderate Hypertension (COSIMA) Investigators. A home blood pressure monitoring study comparing the antihypertensive efficacy of two angiotensin II receptor antagonist fixed combinations. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18:1482–1488.
    1. Omboni S, McManus RJ, Bosworth HB, Chappell LC, Green BB, Kario K, et al. . Evidence and recommendations on the use of telemedicine for the management of arterial hypertension: an international expert position paper. Hypertension 2020; 76:1368–1383.
    1. Omboni S, Ferrari R. The role of telemedicine in hypertension management: focus on blood pressure telemonitoring. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015; 17:535.
    1. Parati G, Torlasco C, Omboni S, Pellegrini D. Smartphone applications for hypertension management: a potential game-changer that needs more control. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19:48.
    1. Kumar N, Khunger M, Gupta A, Garg N. A content analysis of smartphone-based applications for hypertension management. J Am Soc Hypertens 2015; 9:130–136.
    1. Albini F, Liu X, Torlasco C, Soranna D, Faini A, Ciminaghi R, et al. . An ICT and mobile Health integrated approach to optimize patients’ education on hypertension and its management by physicians: the Patients Optimal Strategy of Treatment(POST) pilot study. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016. 517–520.
    1. Lu X, Yang H, Xia X, Lu X, Lin J, Liu F, et al. . Interactive mobile health intervention and blood pressure management in adults. Hypertension 2019; 74:697–704.
    1. Wijkman M, Carlsson M, Darwiche G, Nystrom FH. A pilot study of hypertension management using a telemedicine treatment approach. Blood Press Monit 2020; 25:18–21.
    1. de Jongh T, Gurol-Urganci I, Vodopivec-Jamsek V, Car J, Atun R. Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self-management of long-term illnesses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12:CD007459.
    1. Niiranen TJ, McManus RJ, Ohkubo T, Stergiou GS. Stergiou G, Parati G, Mancia G. Home blood pressure monitoring schedule. Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection; home blood pressure monitoring. Cham: Springer; 2019. 55–62.
    1. Chatellier G, Day M, Bobrie G, Menard J. Feasibility study of N-of-1 trials with blood pressure self-monitoring in hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 25:294–301.
    1. Chatellier G, Dutrey-Dupagne C, Vaur L, Zannad F, Genes N, Elkik F, Ménard J. Home self blood pressure measurement in general practice. The SMART study. Self-measurement for the assessment of the response to trandolapril. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9:644–652.
    1. Stergiou GS, Skeva II, Zourbaki AS, Mountokalakis TD. Self-monitoring of blood pressure at home: how many measurements are needed? J Hypertens 1998; 16:725–731.
    1. Niiranen TJ, Asayama K, Thijs L, Johansson JK, Hara A, Hozawa A, et al. . IDHOCO Investigators. Optimal number of days for home blood pressure measurement. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:595–603.
    1. Johansson JK, Niiranen TJ, Puukka PJ, Jula AM. Optimal schedule for home blood pressure monitoring based on a clinical approach. J Hypertens 2010; 28:259–264.
    1. Bello NA, Schwartz JE, Kronish IM, Oparil S, Anstey DE, Wei Y, et al. . Number of measurements needed to obtain a reliable estimate of home blood pressure: results from the Improving the Detection of Hypertension Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008658.
    1. Juhanoja EP, Puukka PJ, Johansson JK, Niiranen TJ, Jula AM. The impact of the day of the week on home blood pressure: the Finn-Home study. Blood Press Monit 2016; 21:63–68.
    1. Eguchi K, Kuruvilla S, Ogedegbe G, Gerin W, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG. What is the optimal interval between successive home blood pressure readings using an automated oscillometric device? J Hypertens 2009; 27:1172–1177.
    1. Niiranen TJ, Johansson JK, Reunanen A, Jula AM. Optimal schedule for home blood pressure measurement based on prognostic data: the Finn-Home Study. Hypertension 2011; 57:1081–1086.
    1. Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, et al. . How many times should blood pressure be measured at home for better prediction of stroke risk? Ten-year follow-up results from the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2004; 22:1099–1104.
    1. Stergiou GS, Nasothimiou EG, Kalogeropoulos PG, Pantazis N, Baibas NM. The optimal home blood pressure monitoring schedule based on the Didima outcome study. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24:158–164.
    1. Thijs L, Staessen JA, Celis H, de Gaudemaris R, Imai Y, Julius S, et al. . Reference values for self-recorded blood pressure: a meta-analysis of summary data. Arch Int Med 1998; 158:481–488.
    1. Thijs L, Staessen JA, Celis H, Fagard R, De Cort P, de Gaudemaris R, et al. . The international database of self-recorded blood pressures in normotensive and untreated hypertensive subjects. Blood Press Monit 1999; 4:77–86.
    1. Nomura K, Asayama K, Thijs L, Niiranen TJ, Lujambio I, Boggia J, et al. . International Database of Home Blood Pressure in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcome Investigators. Thresholds for conventional and home blood pressure by sex and age in 5018 participants from 5 populations. Hypertension 2014; 64:695–701.
    1. Aparicio LS, Thijs L, Boggia J, Jacobs L, Barochiner J, Odili AN, et al. . International Database on Home Blood Pressure in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcome (IDHOCO) Investigators. Defining thresholds for home blood pressure monitoring in octogenarians. Hypertension 2015; 66:865–873.
    1. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, et al. . 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2013; 31:1281–1357.
    1. Kario K. Global Impact of 2017 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Hypertension Guidelines: a perspective from Japan. Circulation 2018; 137:543–545.
    1. Staessen JA, Thijs L, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Richart T, Boggia J, et al. . Thirty years of research on diagnostic and therapeutic thresholds for the self-measured blood pressure at home. Blood Press Monit 2008; 13:352–365.
    1. Kikuya M, Hansen TW, Thijs L, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Kuznetsova T, Ohkubo T, et al. . International Database on Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes Investigators. Diagnostic thresholds for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring based on 10-year cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2007; 115:2145–2152.
    1. Pickering TG, Miller NH, Ogedegbe G, Krakoff LR, Artinian NT, Goff D, et al. . American Heart Association, American Society of Hypertension, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. Call to action on use and reimbursement for home blood pressure monitoring: executive summary: a joint scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American Society Of Hypertension, and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. Hypertension 2008; 52:1–9.
    1. Muntner P, Carey RM, Jamerson K, Wright JT, Jr, Whelton PK. Rationale for ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring thresholds in the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline. Hypertension 2019; 73:33–38.
    1. Vongpatanasin W, Ayers C, Lodhi H, Das SR, Berry JD, Khera A, et al. . Diagnostic thresholds for blood pressure measured at home in the context of the 2017 hypertension guideline. Hypertension 2018; 72:1312–1319.
    1. Satoh M, Asayama K, Murakami T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Imai Y, Ohkubo T. Stroke risk due to partial white-coat or masked hypertension based on the ACC/AHA guideline's blood pressure threshold: the Ohasama study. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:120–122.
    1. Coll-de-Tuero G, Saez M, Rodriguez-Poncelas A, Bayo-Llibre J, Beltran-Vilella M, Reyes-Negre C, et al. . What is the optimal cut-off threshold in self-home blood pressure measurement?: a cohort study according to STROBE statement. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14817.
    1. Drawz PE, Pajewski NM, Bates JT, Bello NA, Cushman WC, Dwyer JP, et al. . Effect of intensive versus standard clinic-based hypertension management on ambulatory blood pressure: results from the SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) Ambulatory Blood Pressure Study. Hypertension 2017; 69:42–50.
    1. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 2. Effects at different baseline and achieved blood pressure levels--overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2296–2304.
    1. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 7. Effects of more vs. less intensive blood pressure lowering and different achieved blood pressure levels - updated overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2016; 34:613–622.
    1. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Metoki H, Obara T, Inoue R, Kikuya M, et al. . Hypertension Objective Treatment Based on Measurement by Electrical Devices of Blood Pressure (HOMED-BP). Cardiovascular outcomes in the first trial of antihypertensive therapy guided by self-measured home blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:1102–1110.
    1. Kario K, Saito I, Kushiro T, Teramukai S, Ishikawa Y, Mori Y, et al. . Home blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in patients during antihypertensive therapy: primary results of HONEST, a large-scale prospective, real-world observational study. Hypertension 2014; 64:989–996.
    1. Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. I. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. JAMA 1979; 242:2562–2571.
    1. Staessen JA, Den Hond E, Celis H, Fagard R, Keary L, Vandenhoven G, et al. . Treatment of Hypertension Based on Home or Office Blood Pressure (THOP) Trial Investigators. Antihypertensive treatment based on blood pressure measurement at home or in the physician's office: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291:955–964.
    1. Verberk WJ, Kroon AA, Kessels AG, Dirksen C, Nelemans PJ, Lenders JW, et al. . Home versus Office blood pressure MEasurements: Reduction of Unnecessary treatment Study: rationale and study design of the HOMERUS trial. Blood Press 2003; 12:326–333.
    1. Stergiou GS, Karpettas N, Destounis A, Tzamouranis D, Nasothimiou E, Kollias A, et al. . Home blood pressure monitoring alone vs. combined clinic and ambulatory measurements in following treatment-induced changes in blood pressure and organ damage. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:184–192.
    1. Niiranen TJ, Kantola IM, Vesalainen R, Johansson J, Ruuska MJ. A comparison of home measurement and ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure in the adjustment of antihypertensive treatment. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19:468–474.
    1. McKinstry B, Hanley J, Wild S, Pagliari C, Paterson M, Lewis S, et al. . Telemonitoring based service redesign for the management of uncontrolled hypertension: multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013; 346:f3030.
    1. Monahan M, Jowett S, Nickless A, Franssen M, Grant S, Greenfield S, et al. . Cost-effectiveness of telemonitoring and self-monitoring of blood pressure for antihypertensive titration in primary care (TASMINH4). Hypertension 2019; 73:1231–1239.
    1. Chen TY, Kao CW, Cheng SM, Chang YC. Effect of home medication titration on blood pressure control in patients with hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med Care 2019; 57:230–236.
    1. Hammersley V, Parker R, Paterson M, Hanley J, Pinnock H, Padfield P, et al. . Telemonitoring at scale for hypertension in primary care: an implementation study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003124.
    1. Parati G, Stergiou G, O’Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Bilo G, et al. . European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1359–1366.
    1. O’Brien E, White WB, Parati G, Dolan E. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the 21st century. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:1108–1111.
    1. O’Brien E, Kario K, Staessen JA, de la Sierra A, Ohkubo T. Patterns of ambulatory blood pressure: clinical relevance and application. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:1112–1115.
    1. O’Brien E, Stergiou GS, Turner MJ. The quest for accuracy of blood pressure measuring devices. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:1092–1095.
    1. Kollias A, Ntineri A, Stergiou GS. Association of night-time home blood pressure with night-time ambulatory blood pressure and target-organ damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2017; 35:442–452.
    1. Karnjanapiboonwong A, Anothaisintawee T, Chaikledkaew U, Dejthevaporn C, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. Diagnostic performance of clinic and home blood pressure measurements compared with ambulatory blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:491.
    1. Mancia G, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Grassi G, Sega R. Long-term risk of mortality associated with selective and combined elevation in office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension 2006; 47:846–853.
    1. Kim CH, Kim JS, Rhee MY. Characteristics of individuals with disagreement between home and ambulatory blood pressure measurements for the diagnosis of hypertension. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:457.
    1. Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak A, Erdine S, Hirth A, et al. . 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens 2016; 34:1887–1920.
    1. Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, et al. . SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2017; 140:e20171904.
    1. Stergiou G, Stambolliu E, Bountzona I, Ntineri A, Kollias A, Vazeou A, Soldatou A. Home blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: systematic review of evidence on clinical utility. Curr Hypertens Rep 2019; 21:64.
    1. Stergiou GS, Ntineri A. Flynn JIJ, Redwine K. Methodology and applicability of home blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents. Pediatric hypertension. Cham: Springer; 2018. 305–321.
    1. Kollias A, Shennan A, Agarwal R, Ntineri A, Stergiou GS. Stergiou G, Parati G, Mancia G. Home blood pressure monitoring in children, pregnancy, and chronic kidney disease. Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection; home blood pressure monitoring. Cham: Springer; 2019. 131–142.
    1. Stergiou GS, Nasothimiou E, Giovas P, Kapoyiannis A, Vazeou A. Diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents based on home versus ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1556–1562.
    1. Kollias A, Dafni M, Poulidakis E, Ntineri A, Stergiou GS. Out-of-office blood pressure and target organ damage in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2315–2331.
    1. Zeniodi ME, Ntineri A, Kollias A, Servos G, Moyssakis I, Destounis A, et al. . Home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children, adolescents and young adults: comparison, diagnostic agreement and association with preclinical organ damage. J Hypertens 2020; 38:1047–1055.
    1. Stergiou GS, Boubouchairopoulou N, Kollias A. Accuracy of automated blood pressure measurement in children: evidence, issues, and perspectives. Hypertension 2017; 69:1000–1006.
    1. Stergiou GS, Yiannes NG, Rarra VC, Panagiotakos DB. Home blood pressure normalcy in children and adolescents: the Arsakeion School study. J Hypertens 2007; 25:1375–1379.
    1. Jardim TV, de Souza Carneiro C, Morais P, Mendonca KL, Povoa TIR, Nascente FM, et al. . Home blood pressure normalcy in non-European adolescents. J Hypertens 2018; 36:61–68.
    1. Stergiou GS, Karpettas N, Panagiotakos DB, Vazeou A. Comparison of office, ambulatory and home blood pressure in children and adolescents on the basis of normalcy tables. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 25:218–223.
    1. Stergiou GS, Christodoulakis G, Giovas P, Lourida P, Alamara C, Roussias LG. Home blood pressure monitoring in children: how many measurements are needed? Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:633–638.
    1. Gillon TE, Pels A, von Dadelszen P, MacDonell K, Magee LA. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review of international clinical practice guidelines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113715.
    1. Rodrigues A, Barata C, Marques I, Almeida MC. Diagnosis of white coat hypertension and pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 14:121–124.
    1. Ross-McGill H, Hewison J, Hirst J, Dowswell T, Holt A, Brunskill P, Thornton JG. Antenatal home blood pressure monitoring: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2000; 107:217–221.
    1. Dougall G, Franssen M, Tucker KL, Yu LM, Hinton L, Rivero-Arias O, et al. . Blood pressure monitoring in high-risk pregnancy to improve the detection and monitoring of hypertension (the BUMP 1 and 2 trials): protocol for two linked randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034593.
    1. Nathan HL, Duhig K, Hezelgrave NL, Chappell LC, Shennan AH. Blood pressure measurement in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 17:91–98.
    1. Obara T, Ohkubo T, Funahashi J, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Metoki H, et al. . Isolated uncontrolled hypertension at home and in the office among treated hypertensive patients from the J-HOME study. J Hypertens 2005; 23:1653–1660.
    1. Lurbe E, Invitti C, Torro I, Maronati A, Aguilar F, Sartorio A, et al. . The impact of the degree of obesity on the discrepancies between office and ambulatory blood pressure values in youth. J Hypertens 2006; 24:1557–1564.
    1. Siddiqui M, Calhoun DA. Blood pressure measurement challenges in severely obese patients. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:139–140.
    1. Halm MA. Arm circumference, shape, and length: how interplaying variables affect blood pressure measurement in obese persons. Am J Crit Care 2014; 23:166–170.
    1. Palatini P, Asmar R. Cuff challenges in blood pressure measurement. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:1100–1103.
    1. Parati G, Ochoa JE, Bilo G, Agarwal R, Covic A, Dekker FW, et al. . European Renal and Cardiovascular Medicine (EURECA-m) working group of the European Renal Association–European Dialysis Transplantation Association (ERA-EDTA). Hypertension in chronic kidney disease part 1: out-of-office blood pressure monitoring: methods, thresholds, and patterns. Hypertension 2016; 67:1093–1101.
    1. Parati G, Ochoa JE, Bilo G, Agarwal R, Covic A, Dekker FW, et al. . European Renal and Cardiovascular Medicine (EURECA-m) working group of the European Renal Association-European Dialysis Transplantation Association (ERA-EDTA). Hypertension in chronic kidney disease part 2: role of ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring for assessing alterations in blood pressure variability and blood pressure profiles. Hypertension 2016; 67:1102–1110.
    1. Timio M, Venanzi S, Lolli S, Lippi G, Verdura C, Monarca C, et al. . Nondipper’ hypertensive patients and progressive renal insufficiency: a 3-year longitudinal study. Clin Nephrol 1995; 43:382–387.
    1. Andersen MJ, Khawandi W, Agarwal R. Home blood pressure monitoring in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 45:994–1001.
    1. Rave K, Bender R, Heise T, Sawicki PT. Value of blood pressure self-monitoring as a predictor of progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Hypertens 1999; 17:597–601.
    1. Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Prognostic importance of clinic and home blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2006; 69:406–411.
    1. Bangash F, Agarwal R. Masked hypertension and white-coat hypertension in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4:656–664.
    1. Agarwal R. Volume overload in dialysis: the elephant in the room, no one can see. Am J Nephrol 2013; 38:75–77.
    1. Agarwal R, Light RP. Chronobiology of arterial hypertension in hemodialysis patients: implications for home blood pressure monitoring. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54:693–701.
    1. Agarwal R, Peixoto AJ, Santos SF, Zoccali C. Pre and postdialysis blood pressures are imprecise estimates of interdialytic ambulatory blood pressure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1:389–398.
    1. Agarwal R, Brim NJ, Mahenthiran J, Andersen MJ, Saha C. Out-of-hemodialysis-unit blood pressure is a superior determinant of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 2006; 47:62–68.
    1. Agarwal R, Andersen MJ, Bishu K, Saha C. Home blood pressure monitoring improves the diagnosis of hypertension in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2006; 69:900–906.
    1. Alborzi P, Patel N, Agarwal R. Home blood pressures are of greater prognostic value than hemodialysis unit recordings. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2:1228–1234.
    1. Agarwal R. Blood pressure and mortality among hemodialysis patients. Hypertension 2010; 55:762–768.
    1. Akpolat T, Erdem E, Aydogdu T. Validation of the Omron M3 Intellisense (HEM-7051-E) upper arm blood pressure monitor, for self-measurement, according to the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol revision 2010 in a stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease population. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012; 35:82–88.
    1. Stergiou GS, Kyriakoulis KG, Stambolliu E, Destounis A, Karpettas N, Kalogeropoulos P, Kollias A. Blood pressure measurement in atrial fibrillation: review and meta-analysis of evidence on accuracy and clinical relevance. J Hypertens 2019; 37:2430–2441.
    1. Clark CE, McDonagh STJ, McManus RJ. Blood Pressure Measurement Working Party of the British and Irish Hypertension Society. Measurement of blood pressure in people with atrial fibrillation. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 33:763–765.
    1. Manolis AJ, Rosei EA, Coca A, Cifkova R, Erdine SE, Kjeldsen S, et al. . Hypertension and atrial fibrillation: diagnostic approach, prevention and treatment. Position paper of the Working Group ’Hypertension Arrhythmias and Thrombosis’ of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2012; 30:239–252.
    1. Park SH, Choi YK. Measurement reliability of automated oscillometric blood pressure monitor in the elderly with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Press Monit 2020; 25:2–12.
    1. Xie F, Xu J, Xia LL, Luo X, Jiang Z, Wu Y, Su H. The impact of atrial fibrillation on accuracy of oscillometric blood pressure measurement: effect of ventricular rate. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:518–524.
    1. Kollias A, Kyriakoulis KG, Stambolliu E, Stergiou GS. Prognostic value of office blood pressure measurement in patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2020; 38:13–20.
    1. Park SH, June KJ, Choi YK. Predictive validity of automated oscillometric blood pressure monitors for screening atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Med Devices 2019; 16:503–514.
    1. Wiesel J, Abraham S, Messineo FC. Screening for asymptomatic atrial fibrillation while monitoring the blood pressure at home: trial of regular versus irregular pulse for prevention of stroke (TRIPPS 2.0). Am J Cardiol 2013; 111:1598–1601.
    1. Savvari P, Triantafyllidi H, Skiadas J, Kalogeropoulos P, Menegas D, Manolis A, et al. . HOME-AF study group. Increased detection of suspected atrial fibrillation in elderly and female hypertensive patients through home blood pressure monitoring: the HOME-AF study. J Hypertens 2020; 38:441–447.
    1. Boggia J, Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, Kikuya M, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, et al. . International Database on Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes (IDACO) investigators. Prognostic accuracy of day versus night ambulatory blood pressure: a cohort study. Lancet 2007; 370:1219–1229.
    1. Roush GC, Fagard RH, Salles GF, Pierdomenico SD, Reboldi G, et al. . ABC-H Investigators. Prognostic impact from clinic, daytime, and night-time systolic blood pressure in nine cohorts of 13,844 patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2332–2340.
    1. Stergiou GS, Andreadis E, Asayama K, Kario K, Kollias A, Ohkubo T. Stergiou G, Parati G, Mancia G. Nocturnal home blood pressure monitoring. Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection; home blood pressure monitoring. Cham: Springer; 2019. 121–130.
    1. Kario K, Kanegae H, Tomitani N, Okawara Y, Fujiwara T, Yano Y, Hoshide S. Nighttime blood pressure measured by home blood pressure monitoring as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in general practice. Hypertension 2019; 73:1240–1248.
    1. Mokwatsi GG, Hoshide S, Kanegae H, Fujiwara T, Negishi K, Schutte AE, Kario K, et al. . Direct comparison of home versus ambulatory defined nocturnal hypertension for predicting cardiovascular events: the Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure (J-HOP) Study. Hypertension 2020; 76:554–561.
    1. Fujiwara T, Hoshide S, Kanegae H, Kario K. Cardiovascular event risks associated with masked nocturnal hypertension defined by home blood pressure monitoring in the J-HOP Nocturnal Blood Pressure Study. Hypertension 2020; 76:259–266.
    1. Kollias A, Andreadis E, Agaliotis G, Kolyvas GN, Achimastos A, Stergiou GS. The optimal night-time home blood pressure monitoring schedule: agreement with ambulatory blood pressure and association with organ damage. J Hypertens 2018; 36:243–249.
    1. O’Brien E, Parati G, Stergiou G, Asmar R, Beilin L, Bilo G, et al. . European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 2013; 31:1731–1768.
    1. Fujiwara T, Nishizawa M, Hoshide S, Kanegae H, Kario K. Comparison of different schedules of nocturnal home blood pressure measurement using an information/communication technology-based device in hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:1633–1641.
    1. Stergiou GS, Triantafyllidou E, Cholidou K, Kollias A, Destounis A, Nasothimiou EG, et al. . Asleep home blood pressure monitoring in obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot study. Blood Press Monit 2013; 18:21–26.
    1. Kario K. Nocturnal hypertension: new technology and evidence. Hypertension 2018; 71:997–1009.
    1. Ricci F, Fedorowski A, Radico F, Romanello M, Tatasciore A, Di Nicola M, et al. . Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality related to orthostatic hypotension: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:1609–1617.
    1. Xin W, Lin Z, Mi S. Orthostatic hypotension and mortality risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Heart 2014; 100:406–413.
    1. Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007; 120:841–847.
    1. Vara-Gonzalez L, Arauzo Alonso S, Gonzalez Fernandez RM, Marin-Gil Vecilla M, Virseda Marin N, Munoz Cacho P. Reproducibility of postural changes of blood pressure in hypertensive elderly patients in primary care. Blood Press Monit 2006; 11:17–20.
    1. Cremer A, Rousseau AL, Boulestreau R, Kuntz S, Tzourio C, Gosse P. Screening for orthostatic hypotension using home blood pressure measurements. J Hypertens 2019; 37:923–927.
    1. Cohen A, Vidal JS, Roca F, Rananja H, Hernandorena I, Coude du Foresto L, et al. . Feasibility and determinants of orthostatic hypotension self-measurement at home in an elderly community-dwelling population. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:824–832.
    1. Weiss A, Beloosesky Y, Kornowski R, Yalov A, Grinblat J, Grossman E. Influence of orthostatic hypotension on mortality among patients discharged from an acute geriatric ward. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21:602–606.
    1. Finucane C, O’Connell MD, Fan CW, Savva GM, Soraghan CJ, Nolan H, et al. . Age-related normative changes in phasic orthostatic blood pressure in a large population study: findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Circulation 2014; 130:1780–1789.
    1. Xin W, Mi S, Lin Z, Wang H, Wei W. Orthostatic hypotension and the risk of incidental cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Prev Med 2016; 85:90–97.
    1. Verwoert GC, Mattace-Raso FU, Hofman A, Heeringa J, Stricker BH, Breteler MM, Witteman JC. Orthostatic hypotension and risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly people: the Rotterdam study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56:1816–1820.
    1. Cacciolati C, Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Alperovitch A, Hanon O. Feasibility of home blood pressure measurement in elderly individuals: cross-sectional analysis of a population-based sample. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:1279–1285.
    1. Parati G, Ochoa JE, Lombardi C, Bilo G. Assessment and management of blood-pressure variability. Nat Rev Cardiol 2013; 10:143–155.
    1. Stergiou GS, Nasothimiou EG. Home monitoring is the optimal method for assessing blood pressure variability. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:1246–1248.
    1. Stergiou GS, Ntineri A, Kollias A, Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Parati G. Blood pressure variability assessed by home measurements: a systematic review. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:565–572.
    1. Ishikura K, Obara T, Kato T, Kikuya M, Shibamiya T, Shinki T, et al. . J-HOME-Morning Study Group. Associations between day-by-day variability in blood pressure measured at home and antihypertensive drugs: the J-HOME-Morning study. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 34:297–304.
    1. Okada T, Nakao T, Matsumoto H, Nagaoka Y, Tomaru R, Iwasawa H, et al. . Day-by-day variability of home blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai shi 2008; 50:588–596.
    1. Juhanoja EP, Niiranen TJ, Johansson JK, Puukka PJ, Thijs L, Asayama K, et al. . International Database on Home Blood Pressure in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcome (IDHOCO) Investigators. Outcome-driven thresholds for increased home blood pressure variability. Hypertension 2017; 69:599–607.
    1. Stevens SL, Wood S, Koshiaris C, Law K, Glasziou P, Stevens RJ, McManus RJ. Blood pressure variability and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016; 354:i4098.
    1. Ntineri A, Kalogeropoulos PG, Kyriakoulis KG, Aissopou EK, Thomopoulou G, Kollias A, Stergiou GS, et al. . Prognostic value of average home blood pressure and variability: 19-year follow-up of the Didima study. J Hypertens 2018; 36:69–76.
    1. Johansson JK, Niiranen TJ, Puukka PJ, Jula AM. Prognostic value of the variability in home-measured blood pressure and heart rate: the Finn-Home Study. Hypertension 2012; 59:212–218.
    1. Juhanoja EP, Johansson JK, Puukka PJ, Jula AM, Niiranen TJ. Optimal schedule for assessing home BP variability: the Finn-Home Study. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:715–725.
    1. Matsui Y, O’Rourke MF, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Shimada K, Kario K. Combined effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker and either a calcium channel blocker or diuretic on day-by-day variability of home blood pressure: the Japan Combined Treatment With Olmesartan and a Calcium-Channel Blocker Versus Olmesartan and Diuretics Randomized Efficacy Study. Hypertension 2012; 59:1132–1138.
    1. Hoshide S, Yano Y, Shimizu M, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Kario K. Is home blood pressure variability itself an interventional target beyond lowering mean home blood pressure during antihypertensive treatment? Hypertens Res 2012; 35:862–866.
    1. Kronish IM, Kent S, Moise N, Shimbo D, Safford MM, Kynerd RE, et al. . Barriers to conducting ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring during hypertension screening in the United States. J Am Soc Hypertens 2017; 11:573–580.
    1. Logan AG, Dunai A, McIsaac WJ, Irvine MJ, Tisler A. Attitudes of primary care physicians and their patients about home blood pressure monitoring in Ontario. J Hypertens 2008; 26:446–452.
    1. Fletcher BR, Hinton L, Hartmann-Boyce J, Roberts NW, Bobrovitz N, McManus RJ. Self-monitoring blood pressure in hypertension, patient and provider perspectives: a systematic review and thematic synthesis. Patient Educ Couns 2016; 99:210–219.
    1. Claridge A. What is the educational value of ward rounds? A learner and teacher perspective. Clin Med (Lond) 2011; 11:558–562.
    1. Beyhaghi H, Viera AJ. Comparative cost-effectiveness of clinic, home, or ambulatory blood pressure measurement for hypertension diagnosis in US adults. Hypertension 2019; 73:121–131.
    1. Uhlig K, Patel K, Ip S, Kitsios GD, Balk EM. Self-measured blood pressure monitoring in the management of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159:185–194.
    1. Reboussin DM, Allen NB, Griswold ME, Guallar E, Hong Y, Lackland DT, et al. . Systematic Review for the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018; 71:e116–e135.
    1. Constanti M, Boffa R, Floyd CN, Wierzbicki AS, McManus RJ, Glover M. Options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a systematic review and economic model. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 35:455–461.
    1. Margolis KL, Dehmer SP, Sperl-Hillen J, O’Connor PJ, Asche SE, Bergdall AR, et al. . Cardiovascular events and costs with home blood pressure telemonitoring and pharmacist management for uncontrolled hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76:1097–1103.
    1. Nasothimiou EG, Karpettas N, Dafni MG, Stergiou GS. Patients’ preference for ambulatory versus home blood pressure monitoring. J Hum Hypertens 2014; 28:224–229.
    1. McGowan N, Padfield PL. Self blood pressure monitoring: a worthy substitute for ambulatory blood pressure? J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24:801–806.
    1. Wood S, Greenfield SM, Sayeed Haque M, Martin U, Gill PS, Mant J, et al. . Influence of ethnicity on acceptability of method of blood pressure monitoring: a cross-sectional study in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2016; 66:e577–e586.
    1. Bhatt DL, Kandzari DE, O’Neill WW, D’Agostino R, Flack JM, Katzen BT, et al. . SYMPLICITY HTN-3 Investigators. A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension. New Engl J Med 2014; 370:1393–1401.
    1. Mengden T, Binswanger B, Weisser B, Vetter W. An evaluation of self-measured blood pressure in a study with a calcium-channel antagonist versus a beta-blocker. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5:154–160.
    1. Stergiou GS, Efstathiou SP, Skeva II, Baibas NM, Kalkana CB, Mountokalakis TD. Assessment of drug effects on blood pressure and pulse pressure using clinic, home and ambulatory measurements. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16:729–735.
    1. Vaur L, Dubroca II, Dutrey-Dupagne C, Genes N, Chatellier G, Bouvier-d’Yvoire M, et al. . Superiority of home blood pressure measurements over office measurements for testing antihypertensive drugs. Blood Press Monit 1998; 3:107–114.
    1. Stergiou G, Ntineri A. White WB. Home (self) monitoring of blood pressure in clinical trials. Blood pressure monitoring in cardiovascular medicine and therapeutics Springer, 3rd ed.New York: 2016.
    1. Agarwal R, Sinha AD, Pappas MK, Abraham TN, Tegegne GG. Hypertension in hemodialysis patients treated with atenolol or lisinopril: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:672–681.
    1. Agarwal R, Alborzi P, Satyan S, Light RP. Dry-weight reduction in hypertensive hemodialysis patients (DRIP): a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension 2009; 53:500–507.
    1. Sano H, Hara A, Asayama K, Miyazaki S, Kikuya M, Imai Y, Ohkubo T. Antihypertensive drug effects according to the pretreatment self-measured home blood pressure: the HOMED-BP study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040524.
    1. Parati G, Agabiti-Rosei E, Bakris GL, Bilo G, Branzi G, Cecchi F, et al. . MASked-unconTrolled hypERtension management based on office BP or on ambulatory blood pressure measurement (MASTER) Study: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021038.

Source: PubMed

Sponzoři a spolupracovníci

Zdravotní podmínky

Drogové intervence

3
Předplatit