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Effects of Warm Shower on Lactation, Fatigue, and Maternal Burnout (WARM-SHOWER)

4. juli 2026 opdateret af: Hediye Karakoç, KTO Karatay University

The Effect Of Warm Showers On Exhaustıon, Fatigue, Lactation Onset Symptoms and Breast Milk Quantity In The First Three Postpartum Days: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lactation is a physiological process in which various hormones, especially prolactin and oxytocin, play a role. Methods such as warm showers are preferred because they are easy to apply and have a quick effect, as well as being cost-effective. It increases the amount of milk by showing a direct effect on oxytocin and prolactin hormones in the breastfeeding process that strengthens the bond between mother and baby. It helps to make the breastfeeding process more enjoyable for mother and baby. Guidelines in the literature emphasize that the mother should be psychologically evaluated and that practices that can relax her according to her needs should be applied to increase breastfeeding success. In addition to hormonal regulation, a warm shower improves self-care. In this way, breastfeeding motivation increases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of warm showers in the morning and evening in the first 3 postpartum days on the amount of breast milk by shedding light on hormones and lactation process.

Studieoversigt

Status

Afsluttet

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

This study is a single-center, parallel-group randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the effects of warm shower application during the first three postpartum days on maternal burnout, fatigue, lactation onset indicators, and breast milk intake among women who underwent cesarean birth. The intervention is based on the premise that warm water exposure may promote relaxation, improve physical comfort, reduce fatigue and stress, and support physiological mechanisms associated with lactation. The study aims to determine whether a structured warm shower intervention can improve maternal well-being and breastfeeding-related outcomes during the early postpartum period.

Eligible participants for the study are first-time mothers who have had a cesarean delivery and meet the study's inclusion criteria. Following the baseline assessment, participants are randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention group or the control group. Women in the intervention group receive routine postpartum care plus a standard warm shower (37-39°C, 10-15 minutes) once daily at 24, 48, and 72 hours after delivery, as well as on days 7 and 14 postpartum, while women in the control group receive only routine postpartum care. Outcome assessments are conducted at baseline, immediately following the intervention, at 24, 48, and 72 hours postpartum, and during follow-up visits on the 7th and 14th days postpartum.

Maternal burnout is evaluated using the Maternal Burnout Scale, while fatigue is assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale for Fatigue. Lactation onset indicators are assessed through breast fullness and milk secretion characteristics, and infant breast milk intake is evaluated using the IMDAT Breast Milk Intake Scoring System. Data are analyzed using appropriate repeated-measures statistical methods to examine changes over time, between-group differences, and group-by-time interactions. The study aims to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness, safety, and clinical applicability of a low-cost, non-pharmacological postpartum care intervention that may support maternal recovery and breastfeeding outcomes.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Faktiske)

64

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiesteder

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Voksen

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ja

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Having given birth between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation
  • Having had a cesarean delivery
  • Being a primipara
  • Being admitted to the postpartum ward within the first 6 hours
  • No physical or cognitive limitations preventing the ability to shower
  • Providing written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Premature infant or infant in the neonatal intensive care unit
  • Maternal history of infection, complications, or psychiatric diagnosis
  • Physiological condition preventing breastfeeding

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Støttende pleje
  • Tildeling: Randomiseret
  • Interventionel model: Parallel tildeling
  • Maskning: Enkelt

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Warm Shower + Routine Postpartum Care
Participants receive routine postpartum care plus a standardized warm shower intervention during the first three postpartum days. Women in the intervention group are instructed to take a warm shower (37-39°C) once daily for 10-15 minutes following confirmation of clinical stability and mobilization readiness. The intervention is delivered in addition to routine postpartum care and is intended to promote relaxation, physical comfort, maternal well-being, and lactation-related outcomes during the early postpartum period.
Adfærdsmæssigt: Warm Shower
Participants receive routine postpartum care in addition to a standardized warm shower (37-39°C, 10-15 minutes) once daily during the first three postpartum days after cesarean birth.
Ingen indgriben: Routine Postpartum Care (Control)
Participants in the control group receive routine postpartum care according to hospital protocol, including standard maternal and newborn monitoring, breastfeeding support, and postpartum recovery care. No warm shower intervention is administered.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Maternal Burnout
Tidsramme: Assessed at baseline (6-12 hours postpartum), immediately after the intervention, and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postpartum, as well as on postpartum days 7 and 14.
Maternal Burnout Scale (MBS). The Maternal Burnout Scale was used to assess maternal burnout levels. The scale consists of 15 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale and includes the dimensions of physical and emotional exhaustion, emotional distancing from the child, and reduced maternal accomplishment. Higher scores indicate higher levels of maternal burnout.
Assessed at baseline (6-12 hours postpartum), immediately after the intervention, and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postpartum, as well as on postpartum days 7 and 14.
Lactation Onset Indicators
Tidsramme: Assessed at baseline (6-12 hours postpartum), immediately after the intervention, and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postpartum, as well as on postpartum days 7 and 14.
Lactation onset indicators will be assessed as a composite outcome using the Lactation Assessment Form, which includes breast fullness, milk secretion characteristics, and post-feeding breast status.
Assessed at baseline (6-12 hours postpartum), immediately after the intervention, and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postpartum, as well as on postpartum days 7 and 14.
Postpartum Fatigue
Tidsramme: Assessed at baseline (6-12 hours postpartum), immediately after the intervention, and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postpartum, as well as on postpartum days 7 and 14.
Postpartum fatigue will be assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F), an 18-item instrument designed to assess fatigue. Higher scores indicate greater postpartum fatigue.
Assessed at baseline (6-12 hours postpartum), immediately after the intervention, and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postpartum, as well as on postpartum days 7 and 14.
Infant breast milk intake score
Tidsramme: Assessed at baseline (6-12 hours postpartum), immediately after the intervention, at 24, 48, and 72 hours postpartum, and on postpartum days 7 and 14.
Infant breast milk intake will be assessed using the IMDAT Breast Milk Intake Scoring System. Higher scores indicate greater breast milk intake. Unit of
Assessed at baseline (6-12 hours postpartum), immediately after the intervention, at 24, 48, and 72 hours postpartum, and on postpartum days 7 and 14.

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

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Sponsor

KTO Karatay University

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

10. oktober 2025

Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)

10. april 2026

Studieafslutning (Faktiske)

15. juni 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

19. juni 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

4. juli 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

10. juli 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

10. juli 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

4. juli 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. juni 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Yderligere relevante MeSH-vilkår

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • KaratayU-RCT-WarmShower-2026

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

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