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Comprehensive Assessment of Rehabilitation Experience Using the SAFE Scale (CARE-SAFE)

27 octobre 2026 mis à jour par: Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ETS

Comprehensive Assessment of Rehabilitation Experience Using the Social And Family Evaluation (SAFE) Scale

Patients with severe acquired brain injury (sABI) and disorders of consciousness (DoC) require intensive interdisciplinary rehabilitation involving healthcare professionals, patients, and family caregivers. Caregivers play a key role in supporting patients and ensuring continuity of care, yet they frequently experience high levels of psychological distress, anxiety, depression, caregiver burden, and reduced quality of life. Previous studies have highlighted the need for clearer communication and greater caregiver involvement throughout the rehabilitation process.

The Social and Family Evaluation (SAFE) scale was developed to actively involve caregivers in monitoring patients with DoC. Derived from the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R), SAFE is a simplified, caregiver-friendly observational tool that enables family members to report clinically relevant behaviors observed during daily interactions. Preliminary validation demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, including high internal consistency, excellent test-retest reliability, and good criterion validity compared with the CRS-R. However, its effectiveness has not yet been investigated in the subacute rehabilitation setting.

The primary aim of this study is to evaluate whether the use of the SAFE scale improves caregivers' illness perceptions. Secondary objectives are to assess its impact on caregiver satisfaction with rehabilitation, decisional conflict, anxiety, depression, prolonged grief, and caregiver burden.

This is a non-profit, prospective, multicenter, single-blind randomized controlled trial involving 68 caregiver-patient dyads recruited from three intensive neurorehabilitation units of the Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation in Florence, Milan, and Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi (Italy). Adult caregivers of patients with DoC admitted within three months after brain injury will be randomly assigned (1:1) to either the SAFE intervention group or a standard-care control group. Randomization will be stratified according to caregiver relationship (parent vs. non-parent) and patient diagnosis (vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome vs. other DoC).

At baseline (T0), caregivers will complete the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), Family Strain Questionnaire (FSQ), Prolonged Grief Disorder-12 (PG-12), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y). Patients will be assessed using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) and the Level of Cognitive Functioning (LCF).

Caregivers allocated to the SAFE group will receive standardized training on the SAFE scale and complete it at 2 weeks (T1) and 6 weeks (T2), together with repeated BIPQ assessments. Control participants will receive routine clinical care and complete the BIPQ only. Both groups will receive the same psychoeducational booklet as standard care.

At the final follow-up (T3, 10 weeks after enrollment), caregivers will repeat all baseline assessments and additionally complete the Family Satisfaction in Intensive Care Unit (FS-ICU) and the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS). Patients will undergo repeat CRS-R and LCF assessments together with the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE).

The primary endpoint is the BIPQ Illness Coherence score at T2. The primary analysis will use ANCOVA adjusted for baseline values. Based on preliminary data, 68 caregivers will be enrolled to detect a clinically meaningful difference between groups while accounting for an expected 20% dropout rate. A blinded sample-size re-estimation will be performed after recruitment of the first 30 participants.

Secondary analyses will evaluate the effects of the SAFE intervention on caregiver burden, prolonged grief, anxiety, depression, family satisfaction, and decisional conflict using adjusted statistical models.

The study is considered low risk, as all procedures are consistent with routine clinical practice. If effective, the SAFE scale may enhance caregiver understanding of the patient's condition, improve communication with the rehabilitation team, promote shared decision-making, reduce psychological distress, and support a more family-centered approach to neurorehabilitation.

Aperçu de l'étude

Statut

Recrutement

Les conditions

Intervention / Traitement

Description détaillée

The diagnosis and monitoring of disorders of consciousness rely primarily on standardized behavioral assessment performed by trained clinicians. Although the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) represents the current clinical reference standard, patient responsiveness may fluctuate considerably throughout the day, and clinically meaningful behaviors may occur outside scheduled assessments. Family caregivers, who spend prolonged periods with patients across different contexts, are uniquely positioned to observe subtle behavioral changes that might otherwise remain undocumented.

The Social and Family Evaluation (SAFE) scale was specifically developed to facilitate the structured collection of these caregiver observations using terminology and response options accessible to non-healthcare professionals. Rather than replacing clinician-administered assessments, SAFE is intended to complement routine neurological evaluation by promoting systematic communication between caregivers and the multidisciplinary rehabilitation team. Integrating caregiver observations into the rehabilitation pathway may improve the continuity of behavioral monitoring while fostering a shared understanding of the patient's clinical condition.

In addition to its potential diagnostic value, the structured use of SAFE may represent a communication intervention. By providing caregivers with a common framework for interpreting patient behaviors, the scale may facilitate discussions with healthcare professionals, improve understanding of the diagnostic process, and encourage more active participation in rehabilitation. These mechanisms are expected to influence caregivers' illness perceptions, reduce uncertainty surrounding the patient's condition, and strengthen therapeutic alliance with the rehabilitation team.

This study will also provide evidence regarding the feasibility of implementing SAFE within intensive neurorehabilitation units during the subacute phase following severe acquired brain injury. The findings will contribute to understanding whether a standardized caregiver-reported assessment can be integrated into routine clinical practice while supporting family-centered care and enhancing communication between families and healthcare professionals.

Type d'étude

Interventionnel

Inscription (Estimé)

68

Phase

  • N'est pas applicable

Contacts et emplacements

Cette section fournit les coordonnées de ceux qui mènent l'étude et des informations sur le lieu où cette étude est menée.

Coordonnées de l'étude

Lieux d'étude

      • Florence, Italie, 50143
        • Recrutement
        • IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi
        • Contact:

Critères de participation

Les chercheurs recherchent des personnes qui correspondent à une certaine description, appelée critères d'éligibilité. Certains exemples de ces critères sont l'état de santé général d'une personne ou des traitements antérieurs.

Critère d'éligibilité

Âges éligibles pour étudier

18 ans et plus (Adulte, Adulte plus âgé)

Accepte les volontaires sains

Non

Sexes éligibles pour l'étude

Tout

La description

Caregiver Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age ≥18 years.
  • Being the primary informal caregiver (regularly spending time with the patient, being aware of the patient's clinical condition, and participating in meetings with the healthcare team).
  • Adequate understanding and ability to communicate in Italian.
  • Provision of written informed consent.

Caregiver Exclusion Criteria:

  • Previous psychiatric and/or neurological disorders.

Patient Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age ≥18 years.
  • Documented diagnosis of Disorders of Consciousness (DoC) assessed by the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R).
  • Time since the acute event <3 months.
  • Clinical stability of the patient.
  • Provision of written informed consent by the legal representative.

Patient Exclusion Criteria:

None.

Plan d'étude

Cette section fournit des détails sur le plan d'étude, y compris la façon dont l'étude est conçue et ce que l'étude mesure.

Comment l'étude est-elle conçue ?

Détails de conception

  • Objectif principal: Soins de soutien
  • Répartition: Randomisé
  • Modèle interventionnel: Affectation parallèle
  • Masquage: Tripler

Armes et Interventions

Groupe de participants / Bras
Intervention / Traitement
Expérimental: SAFE Group

Participants allocated to the SAFE group will undergo an individual training session with the healthcare professionals involved in the study. During this session, the SAFE scale and its administration procedures will be explained in detail.

According to the procedures established for the SAFE scale, caregivers will complete the scale after a 2-week observation period of the patient's behaviours (T1). The SAFE scale will then be completed again by the caregiver 4 weeks after the first administration (corresponding to 6 weeks after the initial training session performed at baseline, T2).

Caregivers will be asked to complete also the following questionnaire:

Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ; Broadbent et al., 2006)

The intervention will consist of caregiver training and completion of the SAFE scale (Magnani et al., 2025). The SAFE is an observational tool developed to allow caregivers of patients with Disorders of Consciousness (DoC) to systematically report cognitively mediated behaviours based on daily interactions with the patient over the previous two weeks. Derived from the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R; Giacino et al., 2020), the SAFE includes simplified items designed for non-professional users. Preliminary results have shown good reliability, internal consistency, and correlation with the CRS-R. Following a standardized explanation provided by trained clinicians, caregivers will complete the scale by reporting behaviours observed during the previous 15 days. For each item, caregivers will answer "Yes" or "No" regarding the presence of a specific voluntary/non-reflexive behaviour associated with sensory or cognitive domains.

Autres noms:
  • scale administration
Comparateur actif: No SAFE Group

Participants allocated to the NO-SAFE group will receive the standard clinical care provided by the rehabilitation unit. They will receive the Fondazione Don Gnocchi educational booklet "Il paziente con GCA: guida per le famiglie" as the minimum psychoeducational intervention.

Two weeks after enrolment and delivery of the educational booklet, caregivers will be asked to complete the following questionnaire:

Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ; Broadbent et al., 2006).

Caregivers allocated to the NO-SAFE group will receive the standard clinical care provided by the rehabilitation unit. They will receive the Fondazione Don Gnocchi educational booklet "Il paziente con GCA: guida per le famiglie" as the minimum psychoeducational intervention and will participate in routine clinical meetings with the physicians of the rehabilitation unit.

Que mesure l'étude ?

Principaux critères de jugement

Mesure des résultats
Description de la mesure
Délai
Caregivers' Perceived Understanding of Their Relative's Clinical Condition
Délai: 6 weeks from the enrollment

Measure: The primary endpoint is the score on the Illness Coherence item of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ; Broadbent et al., 2006) at T2. This item assesses caregivers' perceived understanding of their relative's clinical condition in the context of Disorders of Consciousness (DoC). The item is scored on a scale from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater perceived understanding of the clinical condition (better outcome).

6 weeks from the enrollment

Mesures de résultats secondaires

Mesure des résultats
Description de la mesure
Délai
Family Satisfaction with Care
Délai: 10 weeks from the enrollment (T3)

Measure: Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit (FS-ICU; Heyland & Tranmer, 2001; Italian version: Pagnamenta et al., 2016; Danielis et al., 2023).

Family satisfaction with the patient's care pathway will be assessed using the Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit (FS-ICU). The overall score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction with care (better outcome).

10 weeks from the enrollment (T3)
Decisional Conflict
Délai: 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)

Measure: Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS; O'Connor, 1993; Chiavari et al., 2013; Esposito et al., 2020).

Decisional conflict will be assessed using the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS). The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater decisional conflict and uncertainty (worse outcome).

10 weeks after enrollment (T3)
Depressive Symptoms
Délai: From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)

Measure: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck et al., 1996; Steer, 1999; Ghisi et al., 2006).

Depressive symptoms will be assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), a 21-item self-report measure. Total scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating greater severity of depressive symptoms (worse outcome).

From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)
State Anxiety
Délai: From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)

Measure: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Form Y, State Anxiety subscale (STAI-Y; Spielberger et al., 1997).

State anxiety will be assessed using the State Anxiety subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Form Y (STAI-Y). The subscale score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater state anxiety (worse outcome).

From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)
Trait Anxiety
Délai: From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)

Measure: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Form Y, Trait Anxiety subscale (STAI-Y; Spielberger et al., 1997).

Trait anxiety will be assessed using the Trait Anxiety subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Form Y (STAI-Y). The subscale score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater trait anxiety (worse outcome).

From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)
Prolonged Grief Symptoms
Délai: From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)

Measure: Prolonged Grief Disorder-12 (PG-12; Prigerson et al., 2009). Prolonged grief symptoms will be assessed using the Prolonged Grief Disorder-12 (PG-12). The PG-12 is a self-report measure assessing symptoms of prolonged grief. The total score ranges from 11 to 55, with higher scores indicating greater severity of prolonged grief symptoms (worse outcome).

From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)
Caregiver Strain
Délai: From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)

Measure: Family Strain Questionnaire (FSQ; Vidotto et al., 2009). Caregiver strain will be assessed using the Family Strain Questionnaire (FSQ). The total score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater caregiver strain and psychological burden (worse outcome).

From baseline (T0) to 10 weeks after enrollment (T3)

Collaborateurs et enquêteurs

C'est ici que vous trouverez les personnes et les organisations impliquées dans cette étude.

Parrainer

Les enquêteurs

  • Chercheur principal: Bahia Hakiki, IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi

Dates d'enregistrement des études

Ces dates suivent la progression des dossiers d'étude et des soumissions de résultats sommaires à ClinicalTrials.gov. Les dossiers d'étude et les résultats rapportés sont examinés par la Bibliothèque nationale de médecine (NLM) pour s'assurer qu'ils répondent à des normes de contrôle de qualité spécifiques avant d'être publiés sur le site Web public.

Dates principales de l'étude

Début de l'étude (Réel)

15 juillet 2026

Achèvement primaire (Estimé)

15 juin 2029

Achèvement de l'étude (Estimé)

15 juillet 2029

Dates d'inscription aux études

Première soumission

25 septembre 2026

Première soumission répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité

27 octobre 2026

Première publication (Réel)

3 novembre 2026

Mises à jour des dossiers d'étude

Dernière mise à jour publiée (Réel)

3 novembre 2026

Dernière mise à jour soumise répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité

27 octobre 2026

Dernière vérification

1 août 2026

Plus d'information

Termes liés à cette étude

Autres numéros d'identification d'étude

  • CARE-SAFE

Informations sur les médicaments et les dispositifs, documents d'étude

Étudie un produit pharmaceutique réglementé par la FDA américaine

Non

Étudie un produit d'appareil réglementé par la FDA américaine

Non

Ces informations ont été extraites directement du site Web clinicaltrials.gov sans aucune modification. Si vous avez des demandes de modification, de suppression ou de mise à jour des détails de votre étude, veuillez contacter register@clinicaltrials.gov. Dès qu'un changement est mis en œuvre sur clinicaltrials.gov, il sera également mis à jour automatiquement sur notre site Web .