증거 기반의 전파 가능한 무료 인터넷 기반 육아 프로그램 최적화

Participants will receive the Core Essentials for Parenting (EFP) intervention and all additional engagement-focused intervention elements: motivational enhancements, simplification, gamification, and low engagement nudges.

Motivational Enhancements (ME) will include three features:

1. Personalized change plan. Parents will describe their intervention goals, motivation for participation, steps they are willing to take to meet those goals, as well as potential barriers to engagement and strategies to try to overcome such barriers. We will display the change plan to remind parents of their personalized responses. ME will also integrate participants' change plan responses into intervention content.
2. Assessment feedback. We will provide norm-referenced feedback for each selected parenting measure after the week 1 assessment. For simplicity, feedback will graphically categorize the parent or child in 3 categories per outcome: red (≥90th %ile), yellow (70-89th %ile), and green (<70th %ile).
3. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. Parents will receive 2 weekly personalized SMS messages based on their change plan responses.

We will follow recommendations of research on improving the readability of patient-directed text (e.g., fewer, shorter, less complex words, minimizing colons, semicolons, and decimal points). We will employ the Dale-Chall Readability (DCRI) score, which was developed for health education materials and, compared to other readability metrics, has higher correlations with comprehension. The target DCR score is 7 (8th grade reading level). We will avoid lower DCR scores because moderate levels of complexity enhance, attention, absorption, satisfaction, and ultimately engagement.

Gamification will include four features:

1. Game-like graphical environment (e.g., avatars to represent the participant).
2. Digital rewards. Parents will receive points and badges for completing intervention activities.
3. Leaderboard. A leaderboard will be used to activate competitive motives and social referencing. The leaderboard will display the points/badges of the participant relative to 4 other actual or simulated anonymized parents who are at a similar point in the intervention; their number of points and badges will be determined by those of the participant.
4. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. SMS text nudges will alternate between Core content (e.g., reminder to complete a module) and reminders about game features such as badges and standings.

SMS text nudges will be sent to participants who have fallen behind in completing specific intervention tasks within a given time window; e.g., failing to log-in to the next module by a predetermined date, timed to program enrollment or in a prespecified number of days since completing the previous module.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and motivational enhancement, simplification, and gamification intervention elements.

Motivational Enhancements (ME) will include three features:

1. Personalized change plan. Parents will describe their intervention goals, motivation for participation, steps they are willing to take to meet those goals, as well as potential barriers to engagement and strategies to try to overcome such barriers. We will display the change plan to remind parents of their personalized responses. ME will also integrate participants' change plan responses into intervention content.
2. Assessment feedback. We will provide norm-referenced feedback for each selected parenting measure after the week 1 assessment. For simplicity, feedback will graphically categorize the parent or child in 3 categories per outcome: red (≥90th %ile), yellow (70-89th %ile), and green (<70th %ile).
3. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. Parents will receive 2 weekly personalized SMS messages based on their change plan responses.

We will follow recommendations of research on improving the readability of patient-directed text (e.g., fewer, shorter, less complex words, minimizing colons, semicolons, and decimal points). We will employ the Dale-Chall Readability (DCRI) score, which was developed for health education materials and, compared to other readability metrics, has higher correlations with comprehension. The target DCR score is 7 (8th grade reading level). We will avoid lower DCR scores because moderate levels of complexity enhance, attention, absorption, satisfaction, and ultimately engagement.

Gamification will include four features:

1. Game-like graphical environment (e.g., avatars to represent the participant).
2. Digital rewards. Parents will receive points and badges for completing intervention activities.
3. Leaderboard. A leaderboard will be used to activate competitive motives and social referencing. The leaderboard will display the points/badges of the participant relative to 4 other actual or simulated anonymized parents who are at a similar point in the intervention; their number of points and badges will be determined by those of the participant.
4. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. SMS text nudges will alternate between Core content (e.g., reminder to complete a module) and reminders about game features such as badges and standings.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and motivational enhancement, simplification, and low engagement nudges as intervention elements.

Motivational Enhancements (ME) will include three features:

1. Personalized change plan. Parents will describe their intervention goals, motivation for participation, steps they are willing to take to meet those goals, as well as potential barriers to engagement and strategies to try to overcome such barriers. We will display the change plan to remind parents of their personalized responses. ME will also integrate participants' change plan responses into intervention content.
2. Assessment feedback. We will provide norm-referenced feedback for each selected parenting measure after the week 1 assessment. For simplicity, feedback will graphically categorize the parent or child in 3 categories per outcome: red (≥90th %ile), yellow (70-89th %ile), and green (<70th %ile).
3. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. Parents will receive 2 weekly personalized SMS messages based on their change plan responses.

We will follow recommendations of research on improving the readability of patient-directed text (e.g., fewer, shorter, less complex words, minimizing colons, semicolons, and decimal points). We will employ the Dale-Chall Readability (DCRI) score, which was developed for health education materials and, compared to other readability metrics, has higher correlations with comprehension. The target DCR score is 7 (8th grade reading level). We will avoid lower DCR scores because moderate levels of complexity enhance, attention, absorption, satisfaction, and ultimately engagement.

SMS text nudges will be sent to participants who have fallen behind in completing specific intervention tasks within a given time window; e.g., failing to log-in to the next module by a predetermined date, timed to program enrollment or in a prespecified number of days since completing the previous module.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and motivational enhancement and simplification as intervention elements.

Motivational Enhancements (ME) will include three features:

1. Personalized change plan. Parents will describe their intervention goals, motivation for participation, steps they are willing to take to meet those goals, as well as potential barriers to engagement and strategies to try to overcome such barriers. We will display the change plan to remind parents of their personalized responses. ME will also integrate participants' change plan responses into intervention content.
2. Assessment feedback. We will provide norm-referenced feedback for each selected parenting measure after the week 1 assessment. For simplicity, feedback will graphically categorize the parent or child in 3 categories per outcome: red (≥90th %ile), yellow (70-89th %ile), and green (<70th %ile).
3. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. Parents will receive 2 weekly personalized SMS messages based on their change plan responses.

We will follow recommendations of research on improving the readability of patient-directed text (e.g., fewer, shorter, less complex words, minimizing colons, semicolons, and decimal points). We will employ the Dale-Chall Readability (DCRI) score, which was developed for health education materials and, compared to other readability metrics, has higher correlations with comprehension. The target DCR score is 7 (8th grade reading level). We will avoid lower DCR scores because moderate levels of complexity enhance, attention, absorption, satisfaction, and ultimately engagement.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and motivational enhancement, gamification, and low engagement nudge as intervention elements.

Motivational Enhancements (ME) will include three features:

1. Personalized change plan. Parents will describe their intervention goals, motivation for participation, steps they are willing to take to meet those goals, as well as potential barriers to engagement and strategies to try to overcome such barriers. We will display the change plan to remind parents of their personalized responses. ME will also integrate participants' change plan responses into intervention content.
2. Assessment feedback. We will provide norm-referenced feedback for each selected parenting measure after the week 1 assessment. For simplicity, feedback will graphically categorize the parent or child in 3 categories per outcome: red (≥90th %ile), yellow (70-89th %ile), and green (<70th %ile).
3. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. Parents will receive 2 weekly personalized SMS messages based on their change plan responses.

Gamification will include four features:

1. Game-like graphical environment (e.g., avatars to represent the participant).
2. Digital rewards. Parents will receive points and badges for completing intervention activities.
3. Leaderboard. A leaderboard will be used to activate competitive motives and social referencing. The leaderboard will display the points/badges of the participant relative to 4 other actual or simulated anonymized parents who are at a similar point in the intervention; their number of points and badges will be determined by those of the participant.
4. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. SMS text nudges will alternate between Core content (e.g., reminder to complete a module) and reminders about game features such as badges and standings.

SMS text nudges will be sent to participants who have fallen behind in completing specific intervention tasks within a given time window; e.g., failing to log-in to the next module by a predetermined date, timed to program enrollment or in a prespecified number of days since completing the previous module.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and motivational enhancement and gamification as intervention elements.

Motivational Enhancements (ME) will include three features:

1. Personalized change plan. Parents will describe their intervention goals, motivation for participation, steps they are willing to take to meet those goals, as well as potential barriers to engagement and strategies to try to overcome such barriers. We will display the change plan to remind parents of their personalized responses. ME will also integrate participants' change plan responses into intervention content.
2. Assessment feedback. We will provide norm-referenced feedback for each selected parenting measure after the week 1 assessment. For simplicity, feedback will graphically categorize the parent or child in 3 categories per outcome: red (≥90th %ile), yellow (70-89th %ile), and green (<70th %ile).
3. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. Parents will receive 2 weekly personalized SMS messages based on their change plan responses.

Gamification will include four features:

1. Game-like graphical environment (e.g., avatars to represent the participant).
2. Digital rewards. Parents will receive points and badges for completing intervention activities.
3. Leaderboard. A leaderboard will be used to activate competitive motives and social referencing. The leaderboard will display the points/badges of the participant relative to 4 other actual or simulated anonymized parents who are at a similar point in the intervention; their number of points and badges will be determined by those of the participant.
4. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. SMS text nudges will alternate between Core content (e.g., reminder to complete a module) and reminders about game features such as badges and standings.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and motivational enhancement and low engagement nudge as intervention elements.

Motivational Enhancements (ME) will include three features:

1. Personalized change plan. Parents will describe their intervention goals, motivation for participation, steps they are willing to take to meet those goals, as well as potential barriers to engagement and strategies to try to overcome such barriers. We will display the change plan to remind parents of their personalized responses. ME will also integrate participants' change plan responses into intervention content.
2. Assessment feedback. We will provide norm-referenced feedback for each selected parenting measure after the week 1 assessment. For simplicity, feedback will graphically categorize the parent or child in 3 categories per outcome: red (≥90th %ile), yellow (70-89th %ile), and green (<70th %ile).
3. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. Parents will receive 2 weekly personalized SMS messages based on their change plan responses.

SMS text nudges will be sent to participants who have fallen behind in completing specific intervention tasks within a given time window; e.g., failing to log-in to the next module by a predetermined date, timed to program enrollment or in a prespecified number of days since completing the previous module.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and motivational enhancement as an additional intervention element.

Motivational Enhancements (ME) will include three features:

1. Personalized change plan. Parents will describe their intervention goals, motivation for participation, steps they are willing to take to meet those goals, as well as potential barriers to engagement and strategies to try to overcome such barriers. We will display the change plan to remind parents of their personalized responses. ME will also integrate participants' change plan responses into intervention content.
2. Assessment feedback. We will provide norm-referenced feedback for each selected parenting measure after the week 1 assessment. For simplicity, feedback will graphically categorize the parent or child in 3 categories per outcome: red (≥90th %ile), yellow (70-89th %ile), and green (<70th %ile).
3. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. Parents will receive 2 weekly personalized SMS messages based on their change plan responses.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and simplification, gamification, and low engagement nudge as additional intervention elements.

We will follow recommendations of research on improving the readability of patient-directed text (e.g., fewer, shorter, less complex words, minimizing colons, semicolons, and decimal points). We will employ the Dale-Chall Readability (DCRI) score, which was developed for health education materials and, compared to other readability metrics, has higher correlations with comprehension. The target DCR score is 7 (8th grade reading level). We will avoid lower DCR scores because moderate levels of complexity enhance, attention, absorption, satisfaction, and ultimately engagement.

Gamification will include four features:

1. Game-like graphical environment (e.g., avatars to represent the participant).
2. Digital rewards. Parents will receive points and badges for completing intervention activities.
3. Leaderboard. A leaderboard will be used to activate competitive motives and social referencing. The leaderboard will display the points/badges of the participant relative to 4 other actual or simulated anonymized parents who are at a similar point in the intervention; their number of points and badges will be determined by those of the participant.
4. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. SMS text nudges will alternate between Core content (e.g., reminder to complete a module) and reminders about game features such as badges and standings.

SMS text nudges will be sent to participants who have fallen behind in completing specific intervention tasks within a given time window; e.g., failing to log-in to the next module by a predetermined date, timed to program enrollment or in a prespecified number of days since completing the previous module.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and simplification and gamification as additional intervention elements.

We will follow recommendations of research on improving the readability of patient-directed text (e.g., fewer, shorter, less complex words, minimizing colons, semicolons, and decimal points). We will employ the Dale-Chall Readability (DCRI) score, which was developed for health education materials and, compared to other readability metrics, has higher correlations with comprehension. The target DCR score is 7 (8th grade reading level). We will avoid lower DCR scores because moderate levels of complexity enhance, attention, absorption, satisfaction, and ultimately engagement.

Gamification will include four features:

1. Game-like graphical environment (e.g., avatars to represent the participant).
2. Digital rewards. Parents will receive points and badges for completing intervention activities.
3. Leaderboard. A leaderboard will be used to activate competitive motives and social referencing. The leaderboard will display the points/badges of the participant relative to 4 other actual or simulated anonymized parents who are at a similar point in the intervention; their number of points and badges will be determined by those of the participant.
4. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. SMS text nudges will alternate between Core content (e.g., reminder to complete a module) and reminders about game features such as badges and standings.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and simplification and low engagement nudge as intervention elements.

We will follow recommendations of research on improving the readability of patient-directed text (e.g., fewer, shorter, less complex words, minimizing colons, semicolons, and decimal points). We will employ the Dale-Chall Readability (DCRI) score, which was developed for health education materials and, compared to other readability metrics, has higher correlations with comprehension. The target DCR score is 7 (8th grade reading level). We will avoid lower DCR scores because moderate levels of complexity enhance, attention, absorption, satisfaction, and ultimately engagement.

SMS text nudges will be sent to participants who have fallen behind in completing specific intervention tasks within a given time window; e.g., failing to log-in to the next module by a predetermined date, timed to program enrollment or in a prespecified number of days since completing the previous module.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and simplification as an additional intervention element.

We will follow recommendations of research on improving the readability of patient-directed text (e.g., fewer, shorter, less complex words, minimizing colons, semicolons, and decimal points). We will employ the Dale-Chall Readability (DCRI) score, which was developed for health education materials and, compared to other readability metrics, has higher correlations with comprehension. The target DCR score is 7 (8th grade reading level). We will avoid lower DCR scores because moderate levels of complexity enhance, attention, absorption, satisfaction, and ultimately engagement.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and gamification and low engagement nudge as additional intervention elements.

Gamification will include four features:

1. Game-like graphical environment (e.g., avatars to represent the participant).
2. Digital rewards. Parents will receive points and badges for completing intervention activities.
3. Leaderboard. A leaderboard will be used to activate competitive motives and social referencing. The leaderboard will display the points/badges of the participant relative to 4 other actual or simulated anonymized parents who are at a similar point in the intervention; their number of points and badges will be determined by those of the participant.
4. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. SMS text nudges will alternate between Core content (e.g., reminder to complete a module) and reminders about game features such as badges and standings.

SMS text nudges will be sent to participants who have fallen behind in completing specific intervention tasks within a given time window; e.g., failing to log-in to the next module by a predetermined date, timed to program enrollment or in a prespecified number of days since completing the previous module.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will view the Core EFP and will be exposed only to gamification as an additional intervention element.

Gamification will include four features:

1. Game-like graphical environment (e.g., avatars to represent the participant).
2. Digital rewards. Parents will receive points and badges for completing intervention activities.
3. Leaderboard. A leaderboard will be used to activate competitive motives and social referencing. The leaderboard will display the points/badges of the participant relative to 4 other actual or simulated anonymized parents who are at a similar point in the intervention; their number of points and badges will be determined by those of the participant.
4. Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. SMS text nudges will alternate between Core content (e.g., reminder to complete a module) and reminders about game features such as badges and standings.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and low engagement nudge as an additional intervention element.

SMS text nudges will be sent to participants who have fallen behind in completing specific intervention tasks within a given time window; e.g., failing to log-in to the next module by a predetermined date, timed to program enrollment or in a prespecified number of days since completing the previous module.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Participants will receive the Core EFP intervention and not be exposed to any additional intervention elements.

All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.

All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.

Parental warmth (e.g., physical affection) will be measured by parent completing the 10-item self-report Supportive Engaged subscale of the Parent Behavior Inventory.

Corporal punishment (noninjurious physical discipline, e.g., spanking) will be measured by parent completing the 6-item self-report corporal punishment subscale of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale

Parents' use of harsh or otherwise overreactive discipline (i.e., angry discipline) will be measured by parent completing the 10-item self-report Overreactivity subscale of the Parenting Scale.

Use of permissive or lax discipline (e.g., failure to enforce rules) will be measured by parent completing the 11-item self-report Laxness subscale of the Parenting Scale