The beneficial effects of different types of exercise interventions on motor and cognitive functions in older age: a systematic review

Oron Levin, Yael Netz, Gal Ziv, Oron Levin, Yael Netz, Gal Ziv

Abstract

The decline in cognitive and motor functions with age affects the performance of the aging healthy population in many daily life activities. Physical activity appears to mitigate this decline or even improve motor and cognitive abilities in older adults. The current systematic review will focus mainly on behavioral studies that look into the dual effects of different types of physical training (e.g., balance training, aerobic training, strength training, group sports, etc.) on cognitive and motor tasks in older adults with no known cognitive or motor disabilities or disease. Our search retrieved a total of 1095 likely relevant articles, of which 41 were considered for full-text reading and 19 were included in the review after the full-text reading. Overall, observations from the 19 included studies conclude that improvements on both motor and cognitive functions were found, mainly in interventions that adopt physical-cognitive training or combined exercise training. While this finding advocates the use of multimodal exercise training paradigms or interventions to improve cognitive-motor abilities in older adults, the sizeable inconsistency among training protocols and endpoint measures complicates the generalization of this finding.

Keywords: Brain; Cognitive functions; Cognitive-motor training; Exercise; Motor functions.

Conflict of interest statement

Not applicable.Not applicable.None of the authors have any competing interests that are related to this review.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Article selection process
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Outcome effects of each of the six types of interventions on overall motor and cognitive functions. Positive findings refer to significant pre-to-post improvements of performance in one or more of the four main motor outcome measures (i.e. mobility, strength, balance, and psychomotor speed) and one or more of the five main cognitive outcome measures (i.e., attention, processing speed, memory, inhibition, and dual-task cost). Negative findings indicate the number of incidences where no significant gains on the abovementioned outcome measures were found. For specific performance gains see Fig. 3 (motor) and Fig. 4 (cognitive)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Outcome effects of each of the six types of interventions on motor performance gains (from the number of studies). Please note that one study can measure more than one outcome. a aerobic, b strength, c balance, d dance, e combined exercise, f physical-cognitive. n/a = information was not available
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Outcome effects of each of the six types of interventions on cognitive performance gains (from the number of studies). Please note that one study can measure more than one outcome. a aerobic, b strength, c balance, d dance, e combined exercise, f physical-cognitive. n/a = information was not available
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Occurrences of parallel improvements in motor and cognitive outcome measures for combined exercise training (data extracted from n = 11 studies) and combined physical-cognitive training (data extracted from n = 9 studies). PROC = processing speed; MEM = memory; INHIB = inhibition; ATN = attention; DTC = dual-task cost. Parallel improvements in strength and inhibition were reported only by [82] – data are not shown. See text for the remaining single exercise interventions. a mobility, b balance, c psychomotor speed

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