Declining trends in early warning indicators for HIV drug resistance in Cameroon from 2008-2010: lessons and challenges for low-resource settings

Joseph Fokam, Serge C Billong, Anne C Z K Bissek, Etienne Kembou, Pascal Milenge, Ibile Abessouguie, Armand S Nkwescheu, Zephirin Tsomo, Avelin F Aghokeng, Grace D Ngute, Peter M Ndumbe, Vittorio Colizzi, Jean B N Elat, Joseph Fokam, Serge C Billong, Anne C Z K Bissek, Etienne Kembou, Pascal Milenge, Ibile Abessouguie, Armand S Nkwescheu, Zephirin Tsomo, Avelin F Aghokeng, Grace D Ngute, Peter M Ndumbe, Vittorio Colizzi, Jean B N Elat

Abstract

Background: Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and limited access to genotyping assays in low-resource settings (LRS) are inevitably accompanied by an increasing risk of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR). The current study aims to evaluate early warning indicators (EWI) as an efficient strategy to limit the development and spread of preventable HIVDR in these settings, in order to sustain the performance of national antiretroviral therapy (ART) rollout programmes.

Methods: Surveys were conducted in 2008, 2009 and 2010 within 10 Cameroonian ART clinics, based on five HIVDR EWIs: (1) Good prescribing practices; (2) Patient lost to follow-up; (3) Patient retention on first line ART; (4) On-time drug pick-up; (5) Continuous drug supply. Analysis was performed as per the World Health Organisation (WHO) protocol.

Results: An overall decreasing performance of the national ART programme was observed from 2008 to 2010: EWI(1) (100% to 70%); EWI(2) (40% to 20%); EWI(3) (70% to 0%); EWI(4) (0% throughout); EWI(5) (90% to 40%). Thus, prescribing practices (EWI(1)) were in conformity with national guidelines, while patient adherence (EWI(2), EWI(3), and EWI(4)) and drug supply (EWI(5)) were lower overtime; with a heavy workload (median ratio ≈1/64 staff/patients) and community disengagement observed all over the study sites.

Conclusions: In order to limit risks of HIVDR emergence in poor settings like Cameroon, continuous drug supply, community empowerment to support adherence, and probably a reduction in workload by task shifting, are the potential urgent measures to be undertaken. Such evidence-based interventions, rapidly generated and less costly, would be relevant in limiting the spread of preventable HIVDR and in sustaining the performance of ART programmes in LRS.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Trends of EWIs from 2008–2010. EWI1: Early Warning Indicator 1, EWI2: Early Warning Indicator 2, EWI3: Early Warning Indicator 3, EWI4: Early Warning Indicator 4, EWI5: Early Warning Indicator 5. For each EWI, the graphs represent the national performance in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively.

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