Wearable Performance Devices in Sports Medicine

Ryan T Li, Scott R Kling, Michael J Salata, Sean A Cupp, Joseph Sheehan, James E Voos, Ryan T Li, Scott R Kling, Michael J Salata, Sean A Cupp, Joseph Sheehan, James E Voos

Abstract

Context: Wearable performance devices and sensors are becoming more readily available to the general population and athletic teams. Advances in technology have allowed individual endurance athletes, sports teams, and physicians to monitor functional movements, workloads, and biometric markers to maximize performance and minimize injury. Movement sensors include pedometers, accelerometers/gyroscopes, and global positioning satellite (GPS) devices. Physiologic sensors include heart rate monitors, sleep monitors, temperature sensors, and integrated sensors. The purpose of this review is to familiarize health care professionals and team physicians with the various available types of wearable sensors, discuss their current utilization, and present future applications in sports medicine.

Evidence acquisition: Data were obtained from peer-reviewed literature through a search of the PubMed database. Included studies searched development, outcomes, and validation of wearable performance devices such as GPS, accelerometers, and physiologic monitors in sports.

Study design: Clinical review.

Level of evidence: Level 4.

Results: Wearable sensors provide a method of monitoring real-time physiologic and movement parameters during training and competitive sports. These parameters can be used to detect position-specific patterns in movement, design more efficient sports-specific training programs for performance optimization, and screen for potential causes of injury. More recent advances in movement sensors have improved accuracy in detecting high-acceleration movements during competitive sports.

Conclusion: Wearable devices are valuable instruments for the improvement of sports performance. Evidence for use of these devices in professional sports is still limited. Future developments are needed to establish training protocols using data from wearable devices.

Keywords: GPS; accelerometers; sensors; sports performance; wearable devices.

Conflict of interest statement

<?release-delay 12|0>The following authors declared potential conflicts of interest: Michael J. Salata, MD, is a paid consultant for Smith & Nephew Endoscopy and James E. Voos, MD, is a paid consultant for Stryker.

© 2015 The Author(s).

References

    1. Ahmadi A, Rowlands D, James DA. Towards a wearable device for skill assessment and skill acquisition of a tennis player during the first serve. Sports Technol. 2009;2:129-136.
    1. Akenhead R, French D, Thompson KG, Hayes PR. The acceleration dependent validity and reliability of 10Hz GPS. J Sci Med Sport. 2014;17:562-566.
    1. Bandodkar AJ, Wang J. Non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors: a review. Trends Biotechnol. 2014;32:363-371.
    1. Boyd LJ, Ball K, Aughey RJ. Quantifying external load in Australian football matches and training using accelerometers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8:44-51.
    1. Callaway A, Cobb JE, Jones I. A comparison of video and accelerometer based approaches applied to performance monitoring in swimming. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2009;4:139-153.
    1. Chen KY, Janz KF, Zhu W, Brychta RJ. Redefining the roles of sensors in objective physical activity monitoring. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(suppl 1):S13-S23.
    1. Crouter SE, Schneider PL, Karabulut M, Bassett DR., Jr. Validity of 10 electronic pedometers for measuring steps, distance, and energy cost. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1455-1460.
    1. Davey N, Anderson M, James DA. Validation trial of an accelerometer-based sensor platform for swimming. Sports Technol. 2008;1:202-207.
    1. Drenowatz C, Eisenmann JC. Validation of the SenseWear Armband at high intensity exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111:883-887.
    1. Duffield R, Reid M, Baker J, Spratford W. Accuracy and reliability of GPS devices for measurement of movement patterns in confined spaces for court-based sports. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13:523-525.
    1. Eisenmann JC, Strath SJ, Shadrick D, Rigsby P, Hirsch N, Jacobson L. Validity of uniaxial accelerometry during activities of daily living in children. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91:259-263.
    1. El-Rabbany A. Introduction to GPS: The Global Positioning System. London, England: Artech House; 2002.
    1. Foster CD, Twist C, Lamb KL, Nicholas CW. Heart rate responses to small-sided games among elite junior rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:906-911.
    1. Ganio MS, Brown CM, Casa DJ, et al. Validity and reliability of devices that assess body temperature during indoor exercise in the heat. J Athl Train. 2009;44:124-135.
    1. Gabbett TJ. GPS analysis of elite women’s field hockey training and competition. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:1321-1324.
    1. Gabbett TJ. Influence of the opposing team on the physical demands of elite rugby league match play. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27:1629-1635.
    1. Gabbett TJ, Seibold AJ. Relationship between tests of physical qualities, team selection, and physical match performance in semiprofessional rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27:3259-3265.
    1. Ganio MS, Brown CM, Casa DJ, et al. Validity and reliability of devices that assess body temperature during indoor exercise in the heat. J Athl Train. 2009;44:124-135.
    1. Gusmer RJ, Bosch TA, Watkins AN, Ostrem JD, Dengel DR. Comparison of FitBit Ultra to Actigraph GT1M for assessment of physical activity in young adults during treadmill walking. Open Sports Med J. 2014;8:11-15.
    1. Hartmann A, Luzi S, Murer K, de Bie RA, de Bruin ED. Concurrent validity of a trunk tri-axial accelerometer system for gait analysis in older adults. Gait Posture. 2009;29:444-448.
    1. Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS., Jr. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:147-152.
    1. Hu FB, Sigal RJ, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. JAMA. 1999;282:1433-1439.
    1. Johnston RJ, Watsford ML, Kelly SJ, Pine MJ, Spurrs RW. The validity and reliability of 5-Hz global positioning system units to measure team sport movement demands. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:758-765.
    1. Johnston RJ, Watsford ML, Pine MJ, Spurrs RW, Murphy A, Pruyn EC. Movement demands and match performance in professional Australian football. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33:89-93.
    1. Johnstone JA, Ford PA, Hughes G, Watson T, Garrett AT. Bioharness multivariable monitoring device: part I: validity. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11:400-408.
    1. Kohl HW., 3rd Physical activity and cardiovascular disease: evidence for a dose response. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(suppl):S472-S483.
    1. Larsson P. Global positioning system and sport-specific testing. Sports Med. 2003;33:1093-1101.
    1. Larsson P, Henriksson-Larsén K. Combined metabolic gas analyser and dGPS analysis of performance in cross-country skiing. J Sports Sci. 2005;23:861-870.
    1. Laurson KR, Eisenmann JC, Welk GJ, Wickel EE, Gentile DA, Walsh DA. Evaluation of youth pedometer determined physical activity guidelines using receiver operator characteristic curves. Prev Med. 2008;46:419-424.
    1. Le Masurier GC, Sidman CL, Corbin CB. Accumulating 10,000 steps: does this meet current physical activity guidelines? Res Q Exerc Sport. 2003;74:389-394.
    1. Lee JA, Cho SH, Lee JW, Lee KH, Yang HK. Wearable accelerometer system for measuring the temporal parameters of gait. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007;2007:483-486.
    1. Lee JM, Kim Y, Welk GJ. Validity of consumer-based physical activity monitors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:1840-1848.
    1. Loader J, Williams MD, Lorenzen C, Kemp J. Classifying training drills based on movement demands in Australian football. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2012;7:57-68.
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Callister R, Collins CE. Effects of integrating pedometers, parental materials, and E-mail support within an extracurricular school sport intervention. J Adolesc Health. 2009;44:176-183.
    1. Macera CA, Hootman JM, Sniezek JE. Major public health benefits of physical activity. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:122-128.
    1. Maffiuletti NA, Gorelick M, Kramers-de Quervain I, et al. Concurrent validity and intrasession reliability of the IDEEA accelerometry system for the quantification of spatiotemporal gait parameters. Gait Posture. 2008;27:160-163.
    1. Mathie MJ, Basilakis J, Celler BG. A system for monitoring posture and physical activity using accelerometers. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2001;2001:3654-3657.
    1. Matthew D, Delextrat A. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and time–motion analysis of female basketball players during competition. J Sports Sci. 2009;27:813-821.
    1. McKenzie JE, Osgood DW. Validation of a new telemetric core temperature monitor. J Therm Biol. 2004;29:605-611.
    1. Mineta T, Kobayashi S, Watanabe Y, et al. Three-axis capacitive accelerometer with uniform axial sensitivities. J Micromech Microeng. 1996;6:431.
    1. Mooney MG, Hunter JR, O’Brien BJ, Berry HT, Young WB. Reliability and validity of a novel intermittent peak running speed test for Australian football. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:973-979.
    1. Moran DS, Mendal L. Core temperature measurement. Sports Med. 2002;32:879-885.
    1. Morgan-Owen GJ, Johnston GT. Differential GPS positioning. Electr Commun Eng J. 1995;7:11-21.
    1. Noonan B, Bancroft RW, Dines JS, Bedi A. Heat- and cold-induced injuries in athletes: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2012;20:744-754.
    1. Ohgi Y, Baba T, Sakaguchi I. Measurement of deceleration of golfer’s sway and uncock timing in driver swing motion. Impact Technol Sport. 2005:349-354.
    1. Pate RR, Freedson PS, Sallis JF, et al. Compliance with physical activity guidelines: prevalence in a population of children and youth. Ann Epidemiol. 2002;12:303-308.
    1. Petersen C, Pyne D, Portus M, Dawson B. Validity and reliability of GPS units to monitor cricket-specific movement patterns. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2009;4:381-393.
    1. Portas MD, Harley JA, Barnes CA, Rush CJ. The validity and reliability of 1-Hz and 5-Hz global positioning systems for linear, multidirectional, and soccer-specific activities. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2010;5:448-458.
    1. Rampinini E, Impellizzeri FM, Castagna C, Coutts AJ, Wisløff U. Technical performance during soccer matches of the Italian Serie A league: effect of fatigue and competitive level. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12:227-233.
    1. Rowlands AV, Eston RG, Ingledew DK. Relationship between activity levels, aerobic fitness, and body fat in 8- to 10-yr-old children. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:1428-1435.
    1. Scheeper P, Gulløv JO, Kofoed LM. A piezoelectric triaxial accelerometer. J Micromech Microeng. 1996;6:131-133.
    1. Sparling PB, Snow TK, Millard-Stafford ML. Monitoring core temperature during exercise: ingestible sensor vs. rectal thermistor. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1993;64:760-763.
    1. Strath SJ, Swartz AM, Bassett DR, Jr, O’Brien WL, King GA, Ainsworth BE. Evaluation of heart rate as a method for assessing moderate intensity physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(suppl):S465-S470.
    1. Terbizan DJ, Dolezal BA, Albano C. Validity of seven commercially available heart rate monitors. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2002;6:243-247.
    1. Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Mâsse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:181-188.
    1. Tudor-Locke C. Taking steps toward increased physical activity: using pedometers to measure and motivate. President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest. 2002;3:1-8.
    1. Tudor-Locke C, Sisson SB, Lee SM, Craig CL, Plotnikoff RC, Bauman A. Evaluation of quality of commercial pedometers. Can J Public Health. 2006;97(suppl 1):S10-5-S10-6.
    1. Varley MC, Fairweather IH, Aughey RJ. Validity and reliability of GPS for measuring instantaneous velocity during acceleration, deceleration, and constant motion. J Sports Sci. 2012;30:121-127.
    1. Wisbey B, Montgomery PG, Pyne DB, Rattray B. Quantifying movement demands of AFL football using GPS tracking. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13:531-536.
    1. Wixted AJ, Thiel DV, Hahn AG, Gore CJ, Pyne DB, James DA. Measurement of energy expenditure in elite athletes. IEEE Sens J. 2007;7:481-488.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors en medewerkers

Medische omstandigheden

Geneesmiddelinterventies

3
Abonneren