2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society

Michael D Jensen, Donna H Ryan, Caroline M Apovian, Jamy D Ard, Anthony G Comuzzie, Karen A Donato, Frank B Hu, Van S Hubbard, John M Jakicic, Robert F Kushner, Catherine M Loria, Barbara E Millen, Cathy A Nonas, F Xavier Pi-Sunyer, June Stevens, Victor J Stevens, Thomas A Wadden, Bruce M Wolfe, Susan Z Yanovski, Harmon S Jordan, Karima A Kendall, Linda J Lux, Roycelynn Mentor-Marcel, Laura C Morgan, Michael G Trisolini, Janusz Wnek, Jeffrey L Anderson, Jonathan L Halperin, Nancy M Albert, Biykem Bozkurt, Ralph G Brindis, Lesley H Curtis, David DeMets, Judith S Hochman, Richard J Kovacs, E Magnus Ohman, Susan J Pressler, Frank W Sellke, Win-Kuang Shen, Sidney C Smith Jr, Gordon F Tomaselli, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Obesity Society, Michael D Jensen, Donna H Ryan, Caroline M Apovian, Jamy D Ard, Anthony G Comuzzie, Karen A Donato, Frank B Hu, Van S Hubbard, John M Jakicic, Robert F Kushner, Catherine M Loria, Barbara E Millen, Cathy A Nonas, F Xavier Pi-Sunyer, June Stevens, Victor J Stevens, Thomas A Wadden, Bruce M Wolfe, Susan Z Yanovski, Harmon S Jordan, Karima A Kendall, Linda J Lux, Roycelynn Mentor-Marcel, Laura C Morgan, Michael G Trisolini, Janusz Wnek, Jeffrey L Anderson, Jonathan L Halperin, Nancy M Albert, Biykem Bozkurt, Ralph G Brindis, Lesley H Curtis, David DeMets, Judith S Hochman, Richard J Kovacs, E Magnus Ohman, Susan J Pressler, Frank W Sellke, Win-Kuang Shen, Sidney C Smith Jr, Gordon F Tomaselli, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Obesity Society

No abstract available

Keywords: AHA Scientific Statements; bariatric surgery; behavior therapy; blood pressure; body mass index; diabetes mellitus; diet; dyslipidemia; lifestyle; waist circumference; weight loss.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Treatment Algorithm—Chronic Disease Management Model for Primary Care of Patients With Overweight and Obesity*. *This algorithm applies to the assessment of overweight and obesity and subsequent decisions based on that assessment. Each step (designated by a box) in this process is reviewed in Section 2.2 and expanded on in subsequent sections. †BMI cutpoint determined by the FDA and listed on the package inserts of FDA-approved obesity medications. BMI indicates body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; and FDA, US Food and Drug Administration.

References

    1. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.
    1. Gibbons GH, Harold JG, Jessup M, et al. The next steps in developing clinical practice guidelines for prevention. Circulation. 2013;128:1716–7.
    1. Gibbons GH, Shurin SB, Mensah GA, et al. Refocusing the agenda on cardiovascular guidelines: an announcement from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1396–8.
    1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, et al. Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2012:1–8.
    1. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults—The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res. 1998;6(Suppl 2):51S–209S.
    1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, et al. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999–2010. JAMA. 2012;307:491–7.
    1. Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, et al. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer-and service-specific estimates. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009;28:w822–31.
    1. Goff DC, Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, D’Agostino RB, Sr, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S49–S73.
    1. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S76–S99.
    1. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S1–S45.
    1. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. WMJ. 1998;97:20–1. 24–5, 27–37.
    1. Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS, et al. Effects of weight loss in overweight/ obese individuals and long-term hypertension outcomes: a systematic review. Hypertension. 2005;45:1035–41.
    1. Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS, et al. Weight loss in obese diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and long-term diabetes outcomes–a systematic review. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2004;6:85–94.
    1. Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ, et al. Systematic review of the long-term effects and economic consequences of treatments for obesity and implications for health improvement. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8:iii–iv. 1–182.
    1. Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA, et al. What interventions should we add to weight reducing diets in adults with obesity? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of adding drug therapy, exercise, behaviour therapy or combinations of these interventions. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2004;17:293–316.
    1. Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA, et al. What are the long-term benefits of weight reducing diets in adults? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2004;17:317–35.
    1. Douketis JD, Macie C, Thabane L, et al. Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1153–67.
    1. Galani C, Schneider H. Prevention and treatment of obesity with lifestyle interventions: review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health. 2007;52:348–59.
    1. Horvath K, Jeitler K, Siering U, et al. Long-term effects of weight-reducing interventions in hypertensive patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:571–80.
    1. Hutton B, Fergusson D. Changes in body weight and serum lipid profile in obese patients treated with orlistat in addition to a hypocaloric diet: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1461–8.
    1. Johansson K, Sundström J, Neovius K, et al. Long-term changes in blood pressure following orlistat and sibutramine treatment: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2010;11:777–91.
    1. Look AHEAD Research Group. Pi-Sunyer X, Blackburn G, et al. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1374–83.
    1. Look AHEAD Research Group. Wing RR. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1566–75.
    1. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, et al. Long-term non-pharmacological weight loss interventions for adults with prediabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 CD005270.
    1. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, et al. Long-term non-pharmacologic weight loss interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 CD004095.
    1. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, et al. Pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 CD004096.
    1. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, et al. Long-term effectiveness of lifestyle and behavioral weight loss interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2004;117:762–74.
    1. Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DCW. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 CD004094.
    1. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, et al. Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity? Obes Rev. 2003;4:83–90.
    1. Poobalan AS, Aucott LS, Smith WCS, et al. Long-term weight loss effects on all cause mortality in overweight/obese populations. Obes Rev. 2007;8:503–13.
    1. Poobalan A, Aucott L, Smith WCS, et al. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term lipid outcomes–a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2004;5:43–50.
    1. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, et al. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;335:1194–9.
    1. Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, et al. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 CD003817.
    1. Siebenhofer A, Horvath K, Jeitler K, et al. Long-term effects of weight-reducing drugs in hypertensive patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 CD007654.
    1. Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 CD005105.
    1. Tuah NA, Amiel C, Qureshi S, et al. Transtheoretical model for dietary and physical exercise modification in weight loss management for overweight and obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 CD008066.
    1. Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1481–6.
    1. Witham MD, Avenell A. Interventions to achieve long-term weight loss in obese older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2010;39:176–84.
    1. Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DCW. Long-term pharmacotherapy for overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:1437–46.
    1. Lenz M, Richter T, Mühlhauser I. The morbidity and mortality associated with overweight and obesity in adulthood: a systematic review. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009;106:641–8.
    1. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Wormser D, Kaptoge S, et al. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet. 2011;377:1085–95.
    1. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Whitlock G, Lewington S, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1083–96.
    1. Skov AR, Toubro S, Bülow J, et al. Changes in renal function during weight loss induced by high vs low-protein low-fat diets in overweight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:1170–7.
    1. Skov AR, Toubro S, Rønn B, et al. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:528–36.
    1. Skov AR, Haulrik N, Toubro S, et al. Effect of protein intake on bone mineralization during weight loss: a 6-month trial. Obes Res. 2002;10:432–8.
    1. Torgerson JS, Agren L, Sjöström L. Effects on body weight of strict or liberal adherence to an initial period of VLCD treatment. A randomised, one-year clinical trial of obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:190–7.
    1. Ashley JM, St Jeor ST, Perumean-Chaney S, et al. Meal replacements in weight intervention. Obes Res. 2001;9(Suppl 4):312S–20S.
    1. Poppitt SD, Keogh GF, Prentice AM, et al. Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:11–20.
    1. Wien MA, Sabaté JM, Iklé DN, et al. Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:1365–72.
    1. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, et al. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:1283–90.
    1. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR, et al. Effects of a low-fat vegan diet and a Step II diet on macro- and micronutrient intakes in overweight postmenopausal women. Nutrition. 2004;20:738–46.
    1. Wadden TA, Foster GD, Sarwer DB, et al. Dieting and the development of eating disorders in obese women: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:560–8.
    1. Lejeune MPGM, Kovacs EMR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr. 2005;93:281–9.
    1. McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, et al. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia. 2005;48:8–16.
    1. Thompson WG, Rostad Holdman N, Janzow DJ, et al. Effect of energy-reduced diets high in dairy products and fiber on weight loss in obese adults. Obes Res. 2005;13:1344–53.
    1. Burke LE, Styn MA, Steenkiste AR, et al. A randomized clinical trial testing treatment preference and two dietary options in behavioral weight management: preliminary results of the impact of diet at 6 months—PREFER study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:2007–17.
    1. Pittas AG, Roberts SB, Das SK, et al. The effects of the dietary glycemic load on type 2 diabetes risk factors during weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:2200–9.
    1. Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK, et al. Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1023–30.
    1. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, et al. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007;297:2092–102.
    1. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR. A two-year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:2276–81.
    1. Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ciotola M, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:306–14.
    1. Frisch S, Zittermann A, Berthold HK, et al. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of carbohydrate-reduced or fat-reduced diets in patients attending a telemedically guided weight loss program. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8:36.
    1. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:859–73.
    1. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:147–57.
    1. Burke LE, Hudson AG, Warziski MT, et al. Effects of a vegetarian diet and treatment preference on biochemical and dietary variables in overweight and obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:588–96.
    1. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie Institute of Washington publication 279. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington; 1919.
    1. Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, et al. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51:241–7.
    1. Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements. Energy and Protein Requirements: report of Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series No. 724. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1985. pp. 1–206.
    1. Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:481–90.
    1. Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, et al. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:1139–48.
    1. Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:1833–6.
    1. Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing human e-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1620–5.
    1. Tate DF, Jeffery RW, Sherwood NE, et al. Long-term weight losses associated with prescription of higher physical activity goals. Are higher levels of physical activity protective against weight regain? Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:954–9.
    1. Teixeira PJ, Silva MN, Coutinho SR, et al. Mediators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance in middle-aged women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:725–35.
    1. ter Bogt NCW, Bemelmans WJE, Beltman FW, et al. Preventing weight gain: one-year results of a randomized lifestyle intervention. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37:270–7.
    1. Truby H, Baic S, deLooy A, et al. Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC “diet trials”. BMJ. 2006;332:1309–14.
    1. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343–50.
    1. Uusitupa M, Louheranta A, Lindström J, et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Br J Nutr. 2000;83(Suppl 1):S137–42.
    1. Wadden TA, Neiberg RH, Wing RR, et al. Four-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:1987–98.
    1. Wadden TA, Volger S, Sarwer DB, et al. A two-year randomized trial of obesity treatment in primary care practice. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1969–79.
    1. West DS, Gorin AA, Subak LL, et al. A motivation-focused weight loss maintenance program is an effective alternative to a skill-based approach. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011;35:259–69.
    1. West DS, Elaine Prewitt T, Bursac Z, et al. Weight loss of black, white, and Hispanic men and women in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:1413–20.
    1. West DS, DiLillo V, Bursac Z, et al. Motivational interviewing improves weight loss in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1081–7.
    1. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA. 1998;279:839–46.
    1. Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, et al. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1563–71.
    1. Wolf AM, Conaway MR, Crowther JQ, et al. Translating lifestyle intervention to practice in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1570–6.
    1. Womble LG, Wadden TA, McGuckin BG, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a commercial internet weight loss program. Obes Res. 2004;12:1011–8.
    1. Andersen RE, Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, et al. Effects of lifestyle activity vs structured aerobic exercise in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1999;281:335–40.
    1. Appel LJ, Clark JM, Yeh H-C, et al. Comparative effectiveness of weightloss interventions in clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1959–68.
    1. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, et al. Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1947–58.
    1. Borg P, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Fogelholm M, et al. Effects of walking or resistance training on weight loss maintenance in obese, middle-aged men: a randomized trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26:676–83.
    1. Byrne NM, Meerkin JD, Laukkanen R, et al. Weight loss strategies for obese adults: personalized weight management program vs. standard care. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1777–88.
    1. Christian JG, Bessesen DH, Byers TE, et al. Clinic-based support to help overweight patients with type 2 diabetes increase physical activity and lose weight. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:141–6.
    1. Cussler EC, Teixeira PJ, Going SB, et al. Maintenance of weight loss in overweight middle-aged women through the Internet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:1052–60.
    1. Dale KS, Mann JI, McAuley KA, et al. Sustainability of lifestyle changes following an intensive lifestyle intervention in insulin resistant adults: Follow-up at 2-years. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18:114–20.
    1. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Knowler WC, Fowler SE, et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009;374:1677–86.
    1. Eriksson J, Lindström J, Valle T, et al. Prevention of Type II diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) in Finland. Study design and 1-year interim report on the feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme. Diabetologia. 1999;42:793–801.
    1. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, et al. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:1799–804.
    1. Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, et al. Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:2978–84.
    1. Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Schiffer L, et al. Obesity reduction black intervention trial (ORBIT): 18-month results. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:2317–25.
    1. Fogelholm M, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Nenonen A, et al. Effects of walking training on weight maintenance after a very-low-energy diet in premenopausal obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2177–84.
    1. Foster GD, Borradaile KE, Sanders MH, et al. A randomized study on the effect of weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes: the Sleep AHEAD study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1619–26.
    1. Gold BC, Burke S, Pintauro S, et al. Weight loss on the web: A pilot study comparing a structured behavioral intervention to a commercial program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:155–64.
    1. Greaves CJ, Middlebrooke A, O'Loughlin L, et al. Motivational interviewing for modifying diabetes risk: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract. 2008;58:535–40.
    1. Haapala I, Barengo NC, Biggs S, et al. Weight loss by mobile phone: a 1-year effectiveness study. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:2382–91.
    1. Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, et al. Effect of internet support on the long-term maintenance of weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12:320–9.
    1. Harvey-Berino J, West D, Krukowski R, et al. Internet delivered behavioral obesity treatment. Prev Med. 2010;51:123–8.
    1. Heshka S, Greenway F, Anderson JW, et al. Self-help weight loss versus a structured commercial program after 26 weeks: a randomized controlled study. Am J Med. 2000;109:282–7.
    1. Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, et al. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:1792–8.
    1. Hunter CM, Peterson AL, Alvarez LM, et al. Weight management using the internet a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34:119–26.
    1. Jakicic JM, Winters C, Lang W, et al. Effects of intermittent exercise and use of home exercise equipment on adherence, weight loss, and fitness in overweight women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1999;282:1554–60.
    1. Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Gallagher KI, et al. Effect of exercise duration and intensity on weight loss in overweight, sedentary women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290:1323–30.
    1. Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Lang W, et al. Effect of exercise on 24-month weight loss maintenance in overweight women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1550–1559. discussion 1559–60.
    1. Kaukua J, Pekkarinen T, Sane T, et al. Health-related quality of life in WHO class II-III obese men losing weight with very-low-energy diet and behaviour modification: a randomised clinical trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26:487–95.
    1. Kaukua J, Pekkarinen T, Sane T, et al. Sex hormones and sexual function in obese men losing weight. Obes Res. 2003;11:689–94.
    1. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403.
    1. Kulzer B, Hermanns N, Gorges D, et al. Prevention of diabetes self-management program (PREDIAS): effects on weight, metabolic risk factors, and behavioral outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1143–6.
    1. Kumanyika SK, Espeland MA, Bahnson JL, et al. Ethnic comparison of weight loss in the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Obes Res. 2002;10:96–106.
    1. Leermakers EA, Perri MG, Shigaki CL, et al. Effects of exercisefocused versus weight-focused maintenance programs on the management of obesity. Addict Behav. 1999;24:219–27.
    1. Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, et al. Prevention of diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study: results from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:S108–13.
    1. Lindström J, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): Lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3230–6.
    1. Logue E, Sutton K, Jarjoura D, et al. Transtheoretical model-chronic disease care for obesity in primary care: a randomized trial. Obes Res. 2005;13:917–27.
    1. Look AHEAD Research Group. Wadden TA, West DS, et al. The Look AHEAD study: a description of the lifestyle intervention and the evidence supporting it. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:737–52.
    1. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, et al. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:1501–10.
    1. Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Davis CC, et al. Is serum leptin related to physical function and is it modifiable through weight loss and exercise in older adults with knee osteoarthritis? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:1383–90.
    1. Morgan LM, Griffin BA, Millward DJ, et al. Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:799–807.
    1. Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP, et al. Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:544–51.
    1. Perri MG, Nezu AM, McKelvey WF, et al. Relapse prevention training and problem-solving therapy in the long-term management of obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69:722–6.
    1. Perri MG, Limacher MC, Durning PE, et al. Extended-care programs for weight management in rural communities: the treatment of obesity in underserved rural settings (TOURS ) randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2347–54.
    1. Rejeski WJ, Focht BC, Messier SP, et al. Obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis: weight loss, exercise, and quality of life. Health Psychol. 2002;21:419–26.
    1. Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, et al. Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304:1803–10.
    1. Rock CL, Pakiz B, Flatt SW, et al. Randomized trial of a multifaceted commercial weight loss program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:939–49.
    1. Stenius-Aarniala B, Poussa T, Kvarnström J, et al. Immediate and long term effects of weight reduction in obese people with asthma: randomised controlled study. BMJ. 2000;320:827–32.
    1. Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, et al. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:1–11.
    1. Stolley MR, Fitzgibbon ML, Schiffer L, et al. Obesity reduction black intervention trial (ORBIT): six-month results. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:100–6.
    1. Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Sherwood NE, et al. Physical activity and weight loss: does prescribing higher physical activity goals improve outcome? Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:684–9.
    1. Miller GD, Rejeski WJ, Williamson JD, et al. The Arthritis, Diet and Activity Promotion Trial (ADAPT): design, rationale, and baseline results. Control Clin Trials. 2003;24:462–80.
    1. Wadden TA, West DS, Neiberg RH, et al. One-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with success. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:713–22.
    1. Adami GF, Papadia F, Carlini F, et al. Effect of biliopancreatic diversion on hypertension in severely obese patients. Hypertens Res. 2005;28:119–23.
    1. Agaba EA, Shamseddeen H, Gentles CV, et al. Laparoscopic vs open gastric bypass in the management of morbid obesity: a 7-year retrospective study of 1,364 patients from a single center. Obes Surg. 2008;18:1359–63.
    1. Angrisani L, Lorenzo M, Borrelli V. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: 5-year results of a prospective randomized trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3:127–32. discussion 132–3.
    1. Bessler M, Daud A, Kim T, et al. Prospective randomized trial of banded versus nonbanded gastric bypass for the super obese: early results. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3:480–4. discussion 484–5.
    1. Biertho L, Steffen R, Branson R, et al. Management of failed adjustable gastric banding. Surgery. 2005;137:33–41.
    1. Dixon JB, O'Brien PE, Playfair J, et al. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:316–23.
    1. Favretti F, Cadière GB, Segato G, et al. Laparoscopic banding: selection and technique in 830 patients. Obes Surg. 2002;12:385–90.
    1. Favretti F, Segato G, Ashton D, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in 1791 consecutive obese patients: 12-year results. Obes Surg. 2007;17:168–75.
    1. Grunstein RR, Stenlöf K, Hedner JA, et al. Two year reduction in sleep apnea symptoms and associated diabetes incidence after weight loss in severe obesity. Sleep. 2007;30:703–10.
    1. Ikonomidis I, Mazarakis A, Papadopoulos C, et al. Weight loss after bariatric surgery improves aortic elastic properties and left ventricular function in individuals with morbid obesity: a 3-year follow-up study. J Hypertens. 2007;25:439–47.
    1. Karlsson J, Sjöström L, Sullivan M. Swedish obese subjects (SOS)—an intervention study of obesity. Two-year follow-up of health-related quality of life (HRQL) and eating behavior after gastric surgery for severe obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:113–26.
    1. Karlsson J, Taft C, Rydén A, et al. Ten-year trends in health-related quality of life after surgical and conventional treatment for severe obesity: the SOS intervention study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1248–61.
    1. Kehagias I, Karamanakos SN, Argentou M, et al. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for the management of patients with BMI< 50 kg/ m2. Obes Surg. 2011;21:1650–6.
    1. Larrad-Jiménez A, Díaz-Guerra CS-C, de Cuadros Borrajo P, et al. Short-, mid- and long-term results of Larrad biliopancreatic diversion. Obes Surg. 2007;17:202–10.
    1. Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Consortium. Flum DR, Belle SH, et al. Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:445–54.
    1. Lopez-Jimenez F, Bhatia S, Collazo-Clavell ML, et al. Safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in patients with coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:1157–62.
    1. Marinari GM, Papadia FS, Briatore L, et al. Type 2 diabetes and weight loss following biliopancreatic diversion for obesity. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1440–4.
    1. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, et al. Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1577–85.
    1. Narbro K, Agren G, Jonsson E, et al. Sick leave and disability pension before and after treatment for obesity: a report from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:619–24.
    1. Naslund I. Lessons from the Swedish Obese Subjects Study: The effects of surgically induced weight loss on obesity comorbidity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2005;1:140–4.
    1. O'Brien PE, Dixon JB, Laurie C, et al. Treatment of mild to moderate obesity with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or an intensive medical program: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:625–33.
    1. Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1567–76.
    1. Sekhar N, Torquati A, Youssef Y, et al. A comparison of 399 open and 568 laparoscopic gastric bypasses performed during a 4-year period. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:665–8.
    1. Sjöström CD. Surgery as an intervention for obesity. Results from the Swedish obese subjects study. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2003;13(Suppl A):S22–6.
    1. Sjöström CD, Lissner L, Wedel H, et al. Reduction in incidence of diabetes, hypertension and lipid disturbances after intentional weight loss induced by bariatric surgery: the SOS Intervention Study. Obes Res. 1999;7:477–84.
    1. Sjöström CD, Peltonen M, Sjöström L. Blood pressure and pulse pressure during long-term weight loss in the obese: the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) Intervention Study. Obes Res. 2001;9:188–95.
    1. Sjostrom CD, Peltonen M, Wedel H, et al. Differentiated long-term effects of intentional weight loss on diabetes and hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;36:20–5.
    1. Sjöström L. Bariatric surgery and reduction in morbidity and mortality: experiences from the SOS study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32(Suppl 7):S93–7.
    1. Sjöström L, Gummesson A, Sjöström CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on cancer incidence in obese patients in Sweden (Swedish Obese Subjects Study): a prospective, controlled intervention trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:653–62.
    1. Sjöström L, Lindroos A-K, Peltonen M, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2683–93.
    1. Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:741–52.
    1. Steffen R, Biertho L, Ricklin T, et al. Laparoscopic Swedish adjustable gastric banding: a five-year prospective study. Obes Surg. 2003;13:404–11.
    1. Wölnerhanssen BK, Peters T, Kern B, et al. Predictors of outcome in treatment of morbid obesity by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: results of a prospective study of 380 patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4:500–6.
    1. Weber M, Müller MK, Bucher T, et al. Laparoscopic gastric bypass is superior to laparoscopic gastric banding for treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 2004;240:975–82.
    1. Weiner RA, Weiner S, Pomhoff I, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy—influence of sleeve size and resected gastric volume. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1297–305.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors en medewerkers

Medische omstandigheden

Geneesmiddelinterventies

3
Abonneren