Resistance versus aerobic exercise: acute effects on glycemia in type 1 diabetes

Jane E Yardley, Glen P Kenny, Bruce A Perkins, Michael C Riddell, Nadia Balaa, Janine Malcolm, Pierre Boulay, Farah Khandwala, Ronald J Sigal, Jane E Yardley, Glen P Kenny, Bruce A Perkins, Michael C Riddell, Nadia Balaa, Janine Malcolm, Pierre Boulay, Farah Khandwala, Ronald J Sigal

Abstract

Objective: In type 1 diabetes, small studies have found that resistance exercise (weight lifting) reduces HbA(1c). In the current study, we examined the acute impacts of resistance exercise on glycemia during exercise and in the subsequent 24 h compared with aerobic exercise and no exercise.

Research design and methods: Twelve physically active individuals with type 1 diabetes (HbA(1c) 7.1 ± 1.0%) performed 45 min of resistance exercise (three sets of seven exercises at eight repetitions maximum), 45 min of aerobic exercise (running at 60% of Vo(2max)), or no exercise on separate days. Plasma glucose was measured during and for 60 min after exercise. Interstitial glucose was measured by continuous glucose monitoring 24 h before, during, and 24 h after exercise.

Results: Treatment-by-time interactions (P < 0.001) were found for changes in plasma glucose during and after exercise. Plasma glucose decreased from 8.4 ± 2.7 to 6.8 ± 2.3 mmol/L (P = 0.008) during resistance exercise and from 9.2 ± 3.4 to 5.8 ± 2.0 mmol/L (P = 0.001) during aerobic exercise. No significant changes were seen during the no-exercise control session. During recovery, glucose levels did not change significantly after resistance exercise but increased by 2.2 ± 0.6 mmol/L (P = 0.023) after aerobic exercise. Mean interstitial glucose from 4.5 to 6.0 h postexercise was significantly lower after resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise.

Conclusions: Resistance exercise causes less initial decline in blood glucose during the activity but is associated with more prolonged reductions in postexercise glycemia than aerobic exercise. This might account for HbA(1c) reductions found in studies of resistance exercise but not aerobic exercise in type 1 diabetes.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mean ± SE plasma glucose during the experimental sessions (represented by box) and 60 min of recovery (n = 12 for aerobic exercise and no-exercise control; n = 11 for resistance exercise). □, no-exercise control; ♦, resistance exercise, ▲, aerobic exercise. aStatistically significant change from baseline in aerobic exercise. bStatistically significant change from baseline in resistance exercise. cStatistically significant difference between no-exercise control session and aerobic session. dStatistically significant change throughout recovery after aerobic exercise. Differences were only considered statistically significant if still significant after Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons. During exercise, participants were provided with glucose tablets if blood glucose fell to <4.5 mmol/L.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean ± SE glucose as measured by CGM from 1 to 12 h postexercise. □, no-exercise control session; ▲, aerobic exercise session; ♦, resistance exercise session. The box represents the period of time where glucose was significantly higher after aerobic exercise compared with resistance exercise (P < 0.05). n = 11 (no-exercise control), n = 10 (aerobic), and n = 12 (resistance).

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