Greater lean tissue and skeletal muscle mass are associated with higher bone mineral content in children

Karen B Dorsey, John C Thornton, Steven B Heymsfield, Dympna Gallagher, Karen B Dorsey, John C Thornton, Steven B Heymsfield, Dympna Gallagher

Abstract

Background: To compare the relationship of skeletal muscle mass with bone mineral content in an ethnically diverse group of 6 to 18 year old boys and girls.

Methods: 175 healthy children (103 boys; 72 girls) had assessments of body mass, height, and Tanner stage. Whole body bone mineral content, non-bone lean body mass (nbLBM), skeletal muscle mass, and fat mass were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Muscle mass was estimated from an equation using appendicular lean soft tissue measured by DXA, weight and height. Estimates of skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue were also assessed by whole body multi-slice magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Linear regression was used to determine whether skeletal muscle mass assessed by DXA or by MRI were better predictors of bone mineral content compared with nbLBM after adjusting for sex, age, race or ethnicity, and Tanner stage.

Results: Greater skeletal muscle mass was associated with greater bone mineral content (p < 0.001). The skeletal muscle mass assessed by MRI provided a better fitting regression model (determined by R2 statistic) compared with assessment by DXA for predicting bone mineral content. The proportion of skeletal muscle mass in nbLBM was significantly associated with greater bone mineral content adjusted for total nbLBM.

Conclusions: This study is among the first to describe and compare the relationship of skeletal muscle to bone using both MRI and DXA estimates. The results demonstrate that the use of MRI provides a modestly better fitting model for the relationship of skeletal muscle to bone compared with DXA. Skeletal muscle had an impact on bone mineral content independent of total non-bone lean body mass. In addition, Hispanics had greater bone mineral content compared to other race and ethnic groups after adjusting for sex, age, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle mass, and height.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Body Composition Components Estimated by Dual x-ray Absorptiometry and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. There is a shaded gray barrier between the estimated skeletal muscle mass block and the organ and other soft tissue block in the 4th column under "dual x-ray absorptiometry" estimates. This conveys the SMMDXA is an estimate of total body musculature based on limb muscle mass only. Thus there is likely to be variability in the accuracy of SMMDXA values for individual subjects with respect to the estimated amount of axial musculature (e.g., for some it may be overestimated, for others it may be underestimated).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Skeletal Muscle Mass by DXA and MRI, and Total Non-Bone Lean Body Mass as a Function of Age (years).

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