Interaction of ingested leucine with glycine on insulin and glucose concentrations

Abstract

The majority of individual amino acids increase insulin and attenuate the plasma glucose response when ingested with glucose. Objective. To determine whether ingestion of two amino acids simultaneously, with glucose, would result in an additive effect. Leucine (Leu) and glycine (Gly) were chosen because they were two of the most potent glucose-lowering amino acids when given individually. Materials and Methods. Nine subjects received test items on four separate days. The first was a water control, then 25 g glucose, or Leu + Gly (1 mmol/kg fat-free mass each) ±25 g glucose, in random order. Glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured frequently for 2.5 hours. Net areas were calculated. Results. The glucose area response decreased by 66%. The insulin area response increased by 24% after ingestion of Leu + Gly + glucose compared to ingestion of glucose alone. The decrease in glucose response was not additive; the increase in insulin response was far less than additive when compared to previously published individual amino acid results. The glucagon concentration remained unchanged. Conclusion. There is an interaction between Leu and Gly that results in a markedly attenuated glucose response. This occurred with a very modest increase in insulin response. Changes in glucagon response could not explain the results. The mechanism is unknown.

Figures

Figure 1

(left) Mean (± SEM) plasma glucose concentration in 9 healthy subjects after ingestion of water only (open circles), 25 g glucose (closed circles), leucine + glycine at 1 mmol/kg fat-free mass each (open triangles), or 25 g glucose with leucine + glycine at 1 mmol/kg fat-free mass each (closed triangles). (right) Net integrated AUC using the fasting values as baseline. Bars with different letters indicate values are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Figure 2

(left) Mean (± SEM) serum insulin concentration in 9 healthy subjects after ingestion of water only (open circles), 25 g glucose (closed circles), leucine + glycine at 1 mmol/kg fat-free mass each (open triangles), or 25 g glucose with leucine + glycine at 1 mmol/kg fat-free mass each (closed triangles). (right) Net integrated AUC using the fasting values as baseline. Bars with different letters indicate values are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Figure 3

(left) Mean (± SEM) plasma glucagon concentration in 8 healthy subjects after ingestion of water only (open circles), 25 g glucose (closed circles), leucine + glycine at 1 mmol/kg fat-free mass each (open triangles) or 25 g glucose with leucine + glycine at 1 mmol/kg fat-free mass each (closed triangles). (right) Net integrated AUC using the fasting values as baseline. Bars with different letters indicate values are significantly different (P < 0.05).