Effects of intensity and amount of exercise on measures of insulin and glucose: Analysis of inter-individual variability

Louise de Lannoy, John Clarke, Paula J Stotz, Robert Ross, Louise de Lannoy, John Clarke, Paula J Stotz, Robert Ross

Abstract

Aim: To determine the separate effects of exercise amount and intensity on the rate of response for glucose and insulin variables, where rate of response was defined as the number of individuals with improvement in glucose and insulin values that was beyond the day-to-day variability of measurement.

Methods: Participants were 171 sedentary, middle-aged abdominally obese adults who completed a 24-week intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to (1) no-exercise control (n = 51), (2) low-amount, low-intensity exercise (LALI, n = 38), (3) high-amount, low-intensity exercise (HALI, n = 52), or (4) high-amount, high-intensity exercise (HAHI, n = 30). Two-hour glucose, insulin area under the curve (AUC), and fasting insulin were measured during a 2-hour, 75g oral glucose challenge. The day-to-day variability for these measures was calculated to be ±2.2 mmol/L, ±940.2 pmol/L, and ±38.9 pmol/L, respectively.

Results: At 24 weeks, the number of nonresponders for 2-hr glucose was 98.0%, 86.8%, 94.2%, 86.7% in the control, LALI, HALI, and HAHI groups, respectively. The number of nonresponders for insulin AUC was 88.0%, 75.7%, 75.0%, 80.0% in the control, LALI, HALI, and HAHI groups, respectively. The number of nonresponders for fasting insulin was 88.2%, 84.2%, 84.6%, 93.3% in the control, LALI, HALI, and HAHI groups, respectively. The rate of response was not different between control and any of the exercise groups for any measure (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The improvement in glucose and insulin measures did not exceed the day-to-day variability of measurement for approximately 80% of the participants independent of exercise amount or intensity.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Change in 2-hour glucose for… — **Fig 1. Change in 2-hour glucose for each participant at 16 and 24 weeks across groups.**
LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise. 2TEs = 2.2 mmol/L.

Fig 2. Change in insulin AUC for… — **Fig 2. Change in insulin AUC for each participant at 24 weeks across groups.**
LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise. 2TEs = 940.2 pmol/L.

Fig 3. Change in fasting insulin for… — **Fig 3. Change in fasting insulin for each participant at 24 weeks across groups.**
LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise. 2TEs = 38.9 pmol/L.

Fig 4. Change in body weight associated… — **Fig 4. Change in body weight associated with 2-hour glucose and insulin AUC change for each participant across 24 weeks.**
(A) Weight change (red bars; kg) with 2-hour glucose change (black bars; mmol/L) and (B) Weight change (red bars; kg) with insulin AUC change (black bars; pmol/L). Data for fasting insulin not shown. LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise. * indicates significant difference in weight change between responders and nonresponders at p

**Fig 5. Change in sedentary time with…**

**Fig 5. Change in sedentary time with corresponding change in 2-hour glucose and insulin AUC…**

**Fig 5. Change in sedentary time with corresponding change in 2-hour glucose and insulin AUC for each participant at 24 weeks across groups.**
(A) Change in sedentary time (red bars; min/d) with 2-hour glucose change (black bars; mmol/L) and (B) Change in sedentary time (red bars; min/d) with insulin AUC change (black bars; pmol/L). Data for fasting insulin not shown. LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise. * indicates 377 min/d of sedentary time, ** indicates -598 min/d of sedentary time.

**Fig 6. Change in 2-hour glucose for…**

**Fig 6. Change in 2-hour glucose for each participant at 24 weeks at 70%, 80%,…**

**Fig 6. Change in 2-hour glucose for each participant at 24 weeks at 70%, 80%, and 90% adherence.**
LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise.

**Fig 7. Change in insulin AUC for…**

**Fig 7. Change in insulin AUC for each participant at 24 weeks at 70%, 80%,…**

**Fig 7. Change in insulin AUC for each participant at 24 weeks at 70%, 80%, and 90% adherence.**
LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise.

**Fig 8. Change in fasting insulin for…**

**Fig 8. Change in fasting insulin for each participant at 24 weeks at 70%, 80%,…**

**Fig 8. Change in fasting insulin for each participant at 24 weeks at 70%, 80%, and 90% adherence.**
LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise.

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Fig 5. Change in sedentary time with… — **Fig 5. Change in sedentary time with corresponding change in 2-hour glucose and insulin AUC for each participant at 24 weeks across groups.**
(A) Change in sedentary time (red bars; min/d) with 2-hour glucose change (black bars; mmol/L) and (B) Change in sedentary time (red bars; min/d) with insulin AUC change (black bars; pmol/L). Data for fasting insulin not shown. LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise. * indicates 377 min/d of sedentary time, ** indicates -598 min/d of sedentary time.

Fig 6. Change in 2-hour glucose for… — **Fig 6. Change in 2-hour glucose for each participant at 24 weeks at 70%, 80%, and 90% adherence.**
LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise.

Fig 7. Change in insulin AUC for… — **Fig 7. Change in insulin AUC for each participant at 24 weeks at 70%, 80%, and 90% adherence.**
LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise.

Fig 8. Change in fasting insulin for… — **Fig 8. Change in fasting insulin for each participant at 24 weeks at 70%, 80%, and 90% adherence.**
LALI = low amount, low intensity exercise; HALI = high amount, low intensity exercise; HAHI = high amount, high intensity exercise.

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Effects of intensity and amount of exercise on measures of insulin and glucose: Analysis of inter-individual variability

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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References

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