Using Interactive Text Messaging to Improve Diet Quality and Increase Redemption of Foods Approved by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children: Protocol for a Cohort Feasibility Study

Melissa C Kay, Nour M Hammad, Sharon J Herring, Gary G Bennett, Melissa C Kay, Nour M Hammad, Sharon J Herring, Gary G Bennett

Abstract

Background: Children in the United States eat too few fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and too many energy-dense foods; these dietary behaviors are associated with increased risk of obesity. Maternal diet plays a key role in shaping children's diets; however, many mothers have poor diet quality, especially those living in low-income households. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is a federal nutrition assistance program that provides mothers and children with nutrient-dense foods, and those who participate have better diet quality. However, many mothers do not redeem all their WIC-approved foods. Thus, there is a need to create effective interventions to improve diet quality, especially among low-income children and families.

Objective: This paper aims to describe the development and protocol for a study to evaluate the feasibility, satisfaction, and preliminary efficacy of a fully automated text messaging intervention as a strategy to improve maternal diet quality and the redemption of WIC-approved foods.

Methods: We describe the use of the framework developed for the description of nonrandomized feasibility studies. Using an observational, prospective cohort study design, we will recruit mothers enrolled in WIC with a child aged ≤2 years. Participants will receive automated SMS text messages aimed at improving the redemption of WIC-approved foods to improve the participants' diet quality for 12 weeks. All outcome measures will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data will be analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results: Data collection for this study began in March 2021. We expect the study results to be available within 9 months of study commencement. The results will shed light on the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of using automated text messages as a behavior change strategy for mothers enrolled in WIC.

Conclusions: The results of this pilot study will explore whether this digital behavioral intervention, which will deliver nutrition guidance in accordance with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans using interactive self-monitoring and feedback, is feasible and acceptable. This will lay the foundation for a larger evaluation to determine efficacy for improving diet quality in those most at risk for obesity.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04098016; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT04098016.

International registered report identifier (irrid): DERR1-10.2196/32441.

Keywords: WIC; child obesity; diet quality; digital health; mobile phone; mothers; postpartum; text messaging.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: GGB holds equity in Coeus Health and serves on the scientific advisory board of WW (formerly Weight Watchers). These organizations had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the report, or decision to submit the article for publication.

©Melissa C Kay, Nour M Hammad, Sharon J Herring, Gary G Bennett. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 15.12.2021.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SMS text message exchange showing tips, tracking, and feedback.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Healthy Roots study flow. ASA24: Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool.

References

    1. Fox MK, Pac S, Devaney B, Jankowski L. Feeding infants and toddlers study: what foods are infants and toddlers eating? J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Jan;104(1 Suppl 1):22–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.10.026.S0002822303014949
    1. Popkin B, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev. 2012 Jan;70(1):3–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x.
    1. Laster LE, Lovelady CA, West DG, Wiltheiss GA, Brouwer RJ, Stroo M, Østbye T. Diet quality of overweight and obese mothers and their preschool children. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013 Nov;113(11):1476–83. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.05.018. S2212-2672(13)00644-8
    1. Lee S, Hoerr SL, Schiffman RF. Screening for infants' and toddlers' dietary quality through maternal diet. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2005;30(1):60–6.00005721-200501000-00015
    1. Paroche M, Caton SJ, Vereijken CM, Weenen H, Houston-Price C. How infants and young children learn about food: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2017 Jul 25;8:1046. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01046. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01046.
    1. Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostoni C. Factors influencing children's eating behaviours. Nutrients. 2018 May 31;10(6):706. doi: 10.3390/nu10060706. nu10060706
    1. Anderson PM, Butcher KF. Childhood obesity: trends and potential causes. Future Child. 2006;16(1):19–45. doi: 10.1353/foc.2006.0001.
    1. Butte NF, Fox MK, Briefel RR, Siega-Riz AM, Dwyer JT, Deming DM, Reidy KC. Nutrient intakes of US infants, toddlers, and preschoolers meet or exceed dietary reference intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Dec;110(12 Suppl):27–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.09.004.S0002-8223(10)01480-X
    1. Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM. Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Oct;110(10):1477–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.07.010. S0002-8223(10)01189-2
    1. Kraak VI, Kumanyika SK, Story M. The commercial marketing of healthy lifestyles to address the global child and adolescent obesity pandemic: prospects, pitfalls and priorities. Public Health Nutr. 2009 Jun 23;12(11):2027–36. doi: 10.1017/s1368980009990267.
    1. Saavedra JM, Deming D, Dattilo A, Reidy K. Lessons from the feeding infants and toddlers study in North America: what children eat, and implications for obesity prevention. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;62 Suppl 3(s3):27–36. doi: 10.1159/000351538. 000351538
    1. Ritchie L, Hecht C, Au L, Vital N, Tsai M, Hecht K, Anderson C, Martinez C, Meza M, Whaley S. Informing the future of WIC: lessons learned during COVID-19 from California Agency Directors. Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California and PHFE WIC - A Program of Heluna Health. 2021. [2021-11-26]. .
    1. Oliveira V, Frazão E. The WIC Program: background, trends, and economic issues, 2015 edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service. 2015. [2021-11-25]. .
    1. Carlson S, Neuberger Z. WIC Works: addressing the nutrition and health needs of low-income families for more than four decades. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 2021. [2021-11-25]. .
    1. Oliveira V, Chandran RV. Children's consumption of WIC-approved foods. SSRN J. 2020 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.754805.
    1. Dietz WH. Better diet quality in the healthy hunger-free kids act and WIC package reduced childhood obesity. Pediatrics. 2021 Apr 03;147(4):e2020032375. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-032375.peds.2020-032375
    1. Koleilat M, Whaley SE, Esguerra KB, Sekhobo JP. The role of WIC in obesity prevention. Curr Pediatr Rep. 2017 Jul 1;5(3):132–41. doi: 10.1007/s40124-017-0135-6.
    1. Baidal JA, Nelson CC, Perkins M, Colchamiro R, Leung-Strle P, Kwass J, Gortmaker SL, Davison KK, Taveras EM. Childhood obesity prevention in the women, infants, and children program: outcomes of the MA-CORD study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017 Jul 26;25(7):1167–74. doi: 10.1002/oby.21865.
    1. Buescher PA, Larson LC, Nelson M, Lenihan AJ. Prenatal WIC participation can reduce low birth weight and newborn medical costs: a cost-benefit analysis of WIC participation in North Carolina. J Am Diet Asso. 1993 Feb;93(2):163–6. doi: 10.1016/0002-8223(93)90832-6.
    1. Oliveira V. WIC participation continues to decline. The Food Assistance Landscape: FY 2016 Annual Report. 2017. [2021-11-25].
    1. Woelfel ML, Abusabha R, Pruzek R, Stratton H, Chen SG, Edmunds LS. Barriers to the use of WIC services. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 May;104(5):736–43. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2004.02.028.S0002822304002342
    1. Phillips D, Bell L, Morgan R, Pooler J. Transition to EBT in WIC: review of impact and examination of participant redemption patterns - final report. Altarum Institute. [2021-11-26]. .
    1. Li X, McLaughlin PW, Saitone TL, Sexton RJ. The magnitude and determinants of partial redemptions of food benefits in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants and children (WIC) Am J Health Promot. 2021 Jul 22;35(6):775–83. doi: 10.1177/0890117121992307.
    1. Steinberg DM, Kay MC, Svetkey LP, Askew S, Christy J, Burroughs J, Ahmed H, Bennett GG. Feasibility of a digital health intervention to improve diet quality among women with high blood pressure: randomized controlled feasibility trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020 Dec 07;8(12):e17536. doi: 10.2196/17536. v8i12e17536
    1. Murray E, Hekler EB, Andersson G, Collins LM, Doherty A, Hollis C, Rivera DE, West R, Wyatt JC. Evaluating digital health interventions: key questions and approaches. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Nov;51(5):843–51. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.008. S0749-3797(16)30229-X
    1. Internet/broadband fact sheet. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. 2021. [2021-11-25].
    1. Mobile fact sheet. Pew Research Center. 2021. [2021-11-25].
    1. Borrelli B, Henshaw M, Endrighi R, Adams WG, Heeren T, Rosen RK, Bock B, Werntz S. An interactive parent-targeted text messaging intervention to improve oral health in children attending urban pediatric clinics: feasibility randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019 Nov 11;7(11):e14247. doi: 10.2196/14247. v7i11e14247
    1. Funderburk K, Struempler B, Parmer SM, Griffin JB. Body quest parent: a text message parent education intervention to supplement a school-based obesity prevention initiative for third-graders. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2018 Apr;50(4):415–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2018.01.007.S1499-4046(18)30009-5
    1. Downing KL, Salmon J, Hinkley T, Hnatiuk JA, Hesketh KD. Feasibility and efficacy of a parent-focused, text message-delivered intervention to reduce sedentary behavior in 2- to 4-year-old children (Mini Movers): pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018 Feb 09;6(2):e39. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.8573. v6i2e39
    1. Kitsaras G, Goodwin M, Allan J, Kelly M, Pretty I. An interactive text message survey as a novel assessment for bedtime routines in public health research: observational study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020 Dec 21;6(4):e15524. doi: 10.2196/15524. v6i4e15524
    1. Demirci JR, Suffoletto B, Doman J, Glasser M, Chang JC, Sereika SM, Bogen DL. The development and evaluation of a text message program to prevent perceived insufficient milk among first-time mothers: retrospective analysis of a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020 Apr 29;8(4):e17328. doi: 10.2196/17328. v8i4e17328
    1. Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman W, Moore L, O'Cathain A, Tinati T, Wight D, Baird J. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. Br Med J. 2015 Mar 19;350(mar19 6):h1258. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1258.
    1. Bowen DJ, Kreuter M, Spring B, Cofta-Woerpel L, Linnan L, Weiner D, Bakken S, Kaplan CP, Squiers L, Fabrizio C, Fernandez M. How we design feasibility studies. Am J Prev Med. 2009 May;36(5):452–7. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.02.002. S0749-3797(09)00096-8
    1. Neal JW, Neal ZP, VanDyke E, Kornbluh M. Expediting the analysis of qualitative data in evaluation. Am J Eval. 2014 May 27;36(1):118–32. doi: 10.1177/1098214014536601.
    1. Tessier S. From field notes, to transcripts, to tape recordings: evolution or combination? Int J Qual Methods. 2012 Sep 01;11(4):446–60. doi: 10.1177/160940691201100410.
    1. Berger MB, Steinberg DM, Askew S, Gallis JA, Treadway CC, Egger JR, Kay MC, Batch BC, Finkelstein EA, DeVries A, Brewer A, Bennett GG. The Balance protocol: a pragmatic weight gain prevention randomized controlled trial for medically vulnerable patients within primary care. BMC Public Health. 2019 May 17;19(1):596. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6926-7. 10.1186/s12889-019-6926-7
    1. Foley P, Levine E, Askew S, Puleo E, Whiteley J, Batch B, Heil D, Dix D, Lett V, Lanpher M, Miller J, Emmons K, Bennett G. Weight gain prevention among black women in the rural community health center setting: the Shape Program. BMC Public Health. 2012 Jun 15;12(1):305. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-305. 1471-2458-12-305
    1. Greaney ML, Quintiliani LM, Warner ET, King DK, Emmons KM, Colditz GA, Glasgow RE, Bennett GG. Weight management among patients at community health centers: the “Be Fit, Be Well” study. Obesity Weight Manag. 2009 Oct;5(5):222–8. doi: 10.1089/obe.2009.0507.
    1. Steinberg DM, Levine EL, Askew S, Foley P, Bennett GG. Daily text messaging for weight control among racial and ethnic minority women: randomized controlled pilot study. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Nov 18;15(11):e244. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2844. v15i11e244
    1. Bennett GG, Warner ET, Glasgow RE, Askew S, Goldman J, Ritzwoller DP, Emmons KM, Rosner BA, Colditz GA, Be Fit‚ Be Well Study Investigators Obesity treatment for socioeconomically disadvantaged patients in primary care practice. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Apr 09;172(7):565–74. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1. archinternmed.2012.1
    1. Bennett GG, Foley P, Levine E, Whiteley J, Askew S, Steinberg DM, Batch B, Greaney ML, Miranda H, Wroth TH, Holder MG, Emmons KM, Puleo E. Behavioral treatment for weight gain prevention among black women in primary care practice: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Oct 28;173(19):1770–7. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.9263. 1731966
    1. Bennett G, Herring SJ, Puleo E, Stein EK, Emmons KM, Gillman MW. Web-based weight loss in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 Feb;18(2):308–13. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.242. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.242.oby2009242
    1. Kay MC, Burroughs J, Askew S, Bennett GG, Armstrong S, Steinberg DM. Digital weight loss intervention for parents of children being treated for obesity: a prospective cohort feasibility trial. J Med Internet Res. 2018 Dec 20;20(12):e11093. doi: 10.2196/11093. v20i12e11093
    1. Foley P, Steinberg D, Levine E, Askew S, Batch BC, Puleo EM, Svetkey LP, Bosworth HB, DeVries A, Miranda H, Bennett GG. Track: a randomized controlled trial of a digital health obesity treatment intervention for medically vulnerable primary care patients. Contemp Clin Trials. 2016 May;48:12–20. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.03.006. S1551-7144(16)30032-5
    1. Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. 2011 Apr 23;6(1):42. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-6-42. 1748-5908-6-42
    1. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs; 1985. pp. 23–8.
    1. Dietary Guidelines for Americans - 2020-2025. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2020. [2021-11-25]. .
    1. Boutelle KN, Kirschenbaum DS, Baker RC, Mitchell ME. How can obese weight controllers minimize weight gain during the high risk holiday season? By self-monitoring very consistently. Health Psychol. 1999;18(4):364–8. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.18.4.364.
    1. Bell ML, Whitehead AL, Julious SA. Guidance for using pilot studies to inform the design of intervention trials with continuous outcomes. Clin Epidemiol. 2018 Jan;Volume 10:153–7. doi: 10.2147/clep.s146397.
    1. Hooper R. Justifying sample size for a feasibility study. National Institute for Health Research. 2019. [2021-11-25]. .
    1. Lancaster G, Dodd S, Williamson PR. Design and analysis of pilot studies: recommendations for good practice. J Eval Clin Pract. 2004 May;10(2):307–12. doi: 10.1111/j..2002.384.doc.x.JEP384
    1. Billingham SA, Whitehead AL, Julious SA. An audit of sample sizes for pilot and feasibility trials being undertaken in the United Kingdom registered in the United Kingdom Clinical Research Network database. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013 Aug 20;13(1):104. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-13-104. 1471-2288-13-104
    1. Sim J, Lewis M. The size of a pilot study for a clinical trial should be calculated in relation to considerations of precision and efficiency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012 Mar;65(3):301–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.07.011.S0895-4356(11)00264-2
    1. Browne RH. On the use of a pilot sample for sample size determination. Stat Med. 1995 Sep 15;14(17):1933–40. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780141709.
    1. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009 Apr;42(2):377–81. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010. S1532-0464(08)00122-6
    1. Patridge EF, Bardyn TP. Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) J Med Lib Assoc. 2018 Jan 12;106(1):142. doi: 10.5195/jmla.2018.319.
    1. Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Mittl B, Zimmerman TP, Thompson FE, Bingley C, Willis G, Islam NG, Baranowski T, McNutt S, Potischman N. The Automated Self-Administered 24-hour dietary recall (ASA24): a resource for researchers, clinicians, and educators from the National Cancer Institute. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012 Aug;112(8):1134–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.04.016. S2212-2672(12)00589-8
    1. Hager ER, Quigg AM, Black MM, Coleman SM, Heeren T, Rose-Jacobs R, Cook JT, de Cuba SA, Casey PH, Chilton M, Cutts DB, Meyers AF, Frank DA. Development and validity of a 2-item screen to identify families at risk for food insecurity. Pediatrics. 2010 Jul 01;126(1):26–32. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-3146.126/1/e26
    1. Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2009 Apr;114(1-3):163–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026.S0165-0327(08)00282-6
    1. Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997 Jul 01;2(3):335–51. doi: 10.1177/135910539700200305.2/3/335
    1. Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Lerman JL, Tooze JA, Wilson MM, Reedy J. Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018 Sep;118(9):1591–602. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.021. S2212-2672(18)30838-4
    1. Francis JJ, Johnston M, Robertson C, Glidewell L, Entwistle V, Eccles MP, Grimshaw JM. What is an adequate sample size? Operationalising data saturation for theory-based interview studies. Psychol Health. 2010 Dec;25(10):1229–45. doi: 10.1080/08870440903194015.916180756
    1. Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2015 Sep 6;42(5):533–44. doi: 10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y.
    1. Steinberg DM, Levine EL, Lane I, Askew S, Foley PB, Puleo E, Bennett GG. Adherence to self-monitoring via interactive voice response technology in an eHealth intervention targeting weight gain prevention among Black women: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2014 Apr 29;16(4):e114. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2996. v16i4e114
    1. Vincze G, Barner JC, Lopez D. Factors associated with adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose among persons with diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2004 Sep 03;30(1):112–25. doi: 10.1177/014572170403000119.
    1. AlYahmady HH, Al Abri SS. Using Nvivo for data analysis in qualitative research. Int Interdiscipl J Edu. 2013 Feb;2(2):181–6. doi: 10.12816/0002914.
    1. Shah BS, Freeland-Graves JH, Cahill JM, Lu H, Graves GR. Diet quality as measured by the healthy eating index and the association with lipid profile in low-income women in early postpartum. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Feb;110(2):274–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.10.038.S0002-8223(09)01814-8
    1. Martin JC, Joham AE, Mishra GD, Hodge AM, Moran LJ, Harrison CL. Postpartum diet quality: a cross-sectional analysis from the Australian longitudinal study on women's health. J Clin Med. 2020 Feb 06;9(2):446. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020446. jcm9020446
    1. Endres L, Straub Heather, McKinney C, Plunkett B, Minkovitz CS, Schetter CD, Ramey S, Wang Ci, Hobel C, Raju T, Shalowitz MU, Community Child Health Network of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child HealthHuman Development Postpartum weight retention risk factors and relationship to obesity at 1 year. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jan;125(1):144–52. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000565. 00006250-201501000-00023
    1. Robinson S, Marriott L, Poole J, Crozier S, Borland S, Lawrence W, Law C, Godfrey K, Cooper C, Inskip H. Dietary patterns in infancy: the importance of maternal and family influences on feeding practice. Br J Nutr. 2007 Nov 01;98(5):1029–37. doi: 10.1017/s0007114507750936.
    1. Horan M, McGowan C, Gibney E, Donnelly J, McAuliffe F. Maternal diet and weight at 3 months postpartum following a pregnancy intervention with a low glycaemic index diet: results from the ROLO randomised control trial. Nutrients. 2014 Jul 23;6(7):2946–55. doi: 10.3390/nu6072946. nu6072946
    1. About WIC. U.S. Department of Agriculture - Food and Nutrition Service. [2018-12-10]. .
    1. Hall AK, Cole-Lewis H, Bernhardt JM. Mobile text messaging for health: a systematic review of reviews. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015 Mar 18;36(1):393–415. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122855.
    1. Bernhardt JM, Felter EM. Online pediatric information seeking among mothers of young children: results from a qualitative study using focus groups. J Med Internet Res. 2004 Mar 01;6(1):e7. doi: 10.2196/jmir.6.1.e7.
    1. Phelan S. Pregnancy: a "teachable moment" for weight control and obesity prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Feb;202(2):135–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.06.008. S0002-9378(09)00628-0
    1. Katherine A, Rainie L. Parents online. Pew Research Center. 2002. [2021-11-25].
    1. Promoting maternal and child health through health text messaging: an evaluation of the text4baby program - final report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2015. [2021-11-25]. .
    1. Fjeldsoe BS, Marshall AL, Miller YD. Behavior change interventions delivered by mobile telephone short-message service. Am J Prev Med. 2009 Feb;36(2):165–73. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.040.S0749-3797(08)00892-1
    1. Agyapong VI. Health system and community response to a text message (Text4Hope) program supporting mental health in Alberta. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020 Oct 22;14(5):5–6. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2020.114. S1935789320001147

Source: PubMed

Sponsors en medewerkers

Medische omstandigheden

Geneesmiddelinterventies

3
Abonneren