Updates of Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage after Colorectal Surgery

Eugenia Claudia Zarnescu, Narcis Octavian Zarnescu, Radu Costea, Eugenia Claudia Zarnescu, Narcis Octavian Zarnescu, Radu Costea

Abstract

Anastomotic leakage is a potentially severe complication occurring after colorectal surgery and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, permanent stoma formation, and cancer recurrence. Multiple risk factors for anastomotic leak have been identified, and these can allow for better prevention and an earlier diagnosis of this significant complication. There are nonmodifiable factors such as male gender, comorbidities and distance of tumor from anal verge, and modifiable risk factors, including smoking and alcohol consumption, obesity, preoperative radiotherapy and preoperative use of steroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Perioperative blood transfusion was shown to be an important risk factor for anastomotic failure. Recent studies on the laparoscopic approach in colorectal surgery found no statistical difference in anastomotic leakage rate compared with open surgery. A diverting stoma at the time of primary surgery does not appear to reduce the leak rate but may reduce its clinical consequences and the need for additional surgery if anastomotic leakage does occur. It is still debatable if preoperative bowel preparation should be used, especially for left colon and rectal resections, but studies have shown similar incidence of postoperative leak rate.

Keywords: anastomotic fistula; anastomotic leakage; colorectal cancer; colorectal surgery; risk factors.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Akasu T., Takawa M., Yamamoto S., Yamaguchi T., Fujita S., Moriya Y. Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage Following Intersphincteric Resection for Very Low Rectal Adenocarcinoma. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2010;14:104–111. doi: 10.1007/s11605-009-1067-4.
    1. Thornton M., Joshi H., Vimalachandran C., Heath R., Carter P., Gur U., Rooney P. Management and outcome of colorectal anastomotic leaks. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2010;26:313–320. doi: 10.1007/s00384-010-1094-3.
    1. Kang C.Y., Halabi W.J., Chaudhry O.O., Nguyen V., Pigazzi A., Carmichael J.C., Mills S., Stamos M.J. Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage After Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer. JAMA Surg. 2013;148:65–71. doi: 10.1001/2013.jamasurg.2.
    1. A Boccola M., Lin J., Rozen W., Ho Y.-H. Reducing anastomotic leakage in oncologic colorectal surgery: An evidence-based review. Anticancer Res. 2010;30:601–607.
    1. Sprenger T., Beißbarth T., Sauer R., Tschmelitsch J., Fietkau R., Liersch T., Hohenberger W., Staib L., Gaedcke J., Raab H., et al. Long-term prognostic impact of surgical complications in the German Rectal Cancer Trial CAO/ARO/AIO-94. BJS. 2018;105:1510–1518. doi: 10.1002/bjs.10877.
    1. Wang S., Liu J., Wang S., Zhao H., Ge S., Wang W. Adverse Effects of Anastomotic Leakage on Local Recurrence and Survival After Curative Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. World J. Surg. 2016;41:277–284. doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3761-1.
    1. Lawler J., Choynowski M., Bailey K., Bucholc M., Johnston A., Sugrue M. Meta-analysis of the impact of postoperative infective complications on oncological outcomes in colorectal cancer surgery. BJS Open. 2020;4:737–747. doi: 10.1002/bjs5.50302.
    1. Mik M., Dziki L., Berut M., Trzcinski R., Dziki A. Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and C-Reactive Protein as Two Predictive Tools of Anastomotic Leak in Colorectal Cancer Open Surgery. Dig. Surg. 2017;35:77–84. doi: 10.1159/000456081.
    1. Olsen B.C., Sakkestad S.T., Pfeffer F., Karliczek A. Rate of Anastomotic Leakage After Rectal Anastomosis Depends on the Definition: Pelvic Abscesses are Significant. Scand. J. Surg. 2019;108:241–249. doi: 10.1177/1457496918812223.
    1. Tamini N., Cassini D., Giani A., Angrisani M., Famularo S., Oldani M., Montuori M., Baldazzi G., Gianotti L. Computed tomography in suspected anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery: Evaluating mortality rates after false-negative imaging. Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg. 2020;46:1049–1053. doi: 10.1007/s00068-019-01083-8.
    1. Tan W.J., Ng W.Q., Sultana R., De Souza N.N., Chew M.H., Foo F.J., Tang C.L., Tan W.S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of serum procalcitonin levels to predict intra-abdominal infections after colorectal surgery. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2018;33:171–180. doi: 10.1007/s00384-017-2956-8.
    1. Rahbari N.N., Weitz J., Hohenberger W., Heald R.J., Moran B., Ulrich A., Holm T., Wong W.D., Tiret E., Moriya Y., et al. Definition and grading of anastomotic leakage following anterior resection of the rectum: A proposal by the International Study Group of Rectal Cancer. Surgery. 2010;147:339–351. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.10.012.
    1. Daniel V.T., Alavi K., Davids J.S., Sturrock P.R., Harnsberger C.R., Steele S.R., Maykel J.A. The utility of the delphi method in defining anastomotic leak following colorectal surgery. Am. J. Surg. 2020;219:75–79. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.05.011.
    1. Spinelli A., Anania G., Arezzo A., Berti S., Bianco F., Bianchi P.P., De Giuli M., De Nardi P., De Paolis P., Foppa C., et al. Italian multi-society modified Delphi consensus on the definition and management of anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery. Updat. Surg. 2020;72:781–792. doi: 10.1007/s13304-020-00837-z.
    1. Van Helsdingen C.P., Jongen A.C., De Jonge W.J., Bouvy N.D., Derikx J.P. Consensus on the definition of colorectal anastomotic leakage: A modified Delphi study. World J. Gastroenterol. 2020;26:3293–3303. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i23.3293.
    1. Bakker I.S., Grossmann I., Henneman D., Havenga K., Wiggers T. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage and leak-related mortality after colonic cancer surgery in a nationwide audit. BJS. 2014;101:424–432. doi: 10.1002/bjs.9395.
    1. Frasson M., Flor-Lorente B., Rodríguez J.L.R., Granero-Castro P., Hervas D., Rico M.A.A., Brao M.J.G., González J.M.S., Granero E.G. Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leak After Colon Resection for Cancer. Ann. Surg. 2015;262:321–330. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000973.
    1. Martin G., Dupré A., Mulliez A., Prunel F., Slim K., Pezet D. Validation of a score for the early diagnosis of anastomotic leakage following elective colorectal surgery. J. Visc. Surg. 2015;152:5–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2014.12.002.
    1. Pasic F., Salkic N.N. Predictive score for anastomotic leakage after elective colorectal cancer surgery: A decision making tool for choice of protective measures. Surg. Endosc. 2013;27:3877–3882. doi: 10.1007/s00464-013-2997-1.
    1. Dekker J.W.T., Liefers G.J., Otterloo J.C.D.M.V., Putter H., Tollenaar R.A. Predicting the Risk of Anastomotic Leakage in Left-sided Colorectal Surgery Using a Colon Leakage Score. J. Surg. Res. 2011;166:e27–e34. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.11.004.
    1. Jannasch O., Klinge T., Otto R., Chiapponi C., Udelnow A., Lippert H., Bruns C.J., Mroczkowski P. Risk factors, short and long term outcome of anastomotic leaks in rectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6:36884–36893. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5170.
    1. Park J.S., Choi G.-S., Kim S.H., Kim H.R., Kim N.-K., Lee K.Y., Kang S.B., Kim J.Y., Lee K.Y., Kim B.C., et al. Multicenter Analysis of Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage After Laparoscopic Rectal Cancer Excision. Ann. Surg. 2013;257:665–671. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31827b8ed9.
    1. Trencheva K., Morrissey K.P., Wells M., Mancuso C.A., Lee S.W., Sonoda T., Michelassi F., Charlson M.E., Milsom J.W. Identifying Important Predictors for Anastomotic Leak After Colon and Rectal Resection. Ann. Surg. 2013;257:108–113. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318262a6cd.
    1. Arron M.N.N., Greijdanus N.G., Broek R.P.G.T., Dekker J.W.T., van Workum F., van Goor H., Tanis P.J., de Wilt J.H. Trends in risk factors of anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer surgery (2011–2019): A Dutch population-based study. Color. Dis. 2021 doi: 10.1111/codi.15911.
    1. Alekseev M., Rybakov E., Khomyakov E., Zarodnyuk I., Shelygin Y. Intraoperative Fluorescence Angiography as an Independent Factor of Anastomotic Leakage and a Nomogram for Predicting Leak for Colorectal Anastomoses. Ann. Coloproctol. 2021 doi: 10.3393/ac.2021.00171.0024.
    1. Ba Z.F., Yokoyama Y., Toth B., Rue L.W., Bland K.I., Chaudry I.H. Gender differences in small intestinal endothelial function: Inhibitory role of androgens. Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol. 2004;286:G452–G457. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00357.2003.
    1. Kjaer M., Kristjánsdóttir H., Andersen L., Heegaard A.-M., Ågren M.S., Jorgensen L.N. The effect of gender on early colonic anastomotic wound healing. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2018;33:1269–1276. doi: 10.1007/s00384-018-3089-4.
    1. Bertelsen C.A., Andreasen A.H., Jargensen T., Harling H., on behalf of the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer: Risk factors. Color. Dis. 2010;12:37–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01711.x.
    1. Richards C.H., Campbell V., Ho C., Hayes J., Elliott T., Thompson-Fawcett M. Smoking is a major risk factor for anastomotic leak in patients undergoing low anterior resection. Color. Dis. 2011;14:628–633. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02718.x.
    1. Kwak H.D., Kim S.-H., Kang D.W., Baek S.-J., Kwak J.M., Kim J. Risk Factors and Oncologic Outcomes of Anastomosis Leakage After Laparoscopic Right Colectomy. Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutaneous Tech. 2017;27:440–444. doi: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000000471.
    1. Krarup P.-M., Jorgensen L.N., Andreasen A.H., Harling H., on behalf of the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group A nationwide study on anastomotic leakage after colonic cancer surgery. Color. Dis. 2012;14:e661–e667. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03079.x.
    1. Sparreboom C.L., Van Groningen J.T., Lingsma H.F., Wouters M., Menon A.G., Kleinrensink G.-J., Jeekel J., Lange J.F. Different Risk Factors for Early and Late Colorectal Anastomotic Leakage in a Nationwide Audit. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2018;61:1258–1266. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001202.
    1. Parthasarathy M., Greensmith M., Bowers D., Groot-Wassink T. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after colorectal resection: A retrospective analysis of 17 518 patients. Color. Dis. 2017;19:288–298. doi: 10.1111/codi.13476.
    1. Zhang W., Lou Z., Liu Q., Meng R., Gong H., Hao L., Liu P., Sun G., Ma J. Multicenter analysis of risk factors for anastomotic leakage after middle and low rectal cancer resection without diverting stoma: A retrospective study of 319 consecutive patients. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2017;32:1431–1437. doi: 10.1007/s00384-017-2875-8.
    1. Penna M., Hompes R., Arnold S., Wynn G., Austin R., Warusavitarne J., Moran B., Hanna G.B., Mortensen N.J., Tekkis P.P. Incidence and Risk Factors for Anastomotic Failure in 1594 Patients Treated by Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision. Ann. Surg. 2019;269:700–711. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002653.
    1. Rencuzogullari A., Benlice C., Valente M., Abbas M.A., Remzi F.H., Gorgun E. Predictors of Anastomotic Leak in Elderly Patients After Colectomy: Nomogram-Based Assessment From the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Program Procedure-Targeted Cohort. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2017;60:527–536. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000789.
    1. Akgun E., Caliskan C., Bozbiyik O., Yoldas T., Sezak M., Ozkok S., Kose T., Karabulut B., Harman M., Ozutemiz O. Randomized clinical trial of short or long interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery for rectal cancer. BJS. 2018;105:1417–1425. doi: 10.1002/bjs.10984.
    1. Alves Y.P.A., Panis Y., Trancart D., Regimbeau J.-M., Pocard M., Valleur P. Factors Associated with Clinically Significant Anastomotic Leakage after Large Bowel Resection: Multivariate Analysis of 707 Patients. World J. Surg. 2002;26:499–502. doi: 10.1007/s00268-001-0256-4.
    1. Tian Y., Xu B., Yu G., Li Y., Liu H. Comorbidity and the risk of anastomotic leak in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer undergoing colorectal surgery. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2017;32:947–953. doi: 10.1007/s00384-017-2798-4.
    1. Mäkelä J.T., Kiviniemi H., Laitinen S. Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage After Left-Sided Colorectal Resection With Rectal Anastomosis. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2003;46:653–660. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-6627-9.
    1. Kwag S.-J., Kim J.-G., Kang W.-K., Lee J.-K., Oh S.-T. The nutritional risk is a independent factor for postoperative morbidity in surgery for colorectal cancer. Ann. Surg. Treat. Res. 2014;86:206–211. doi: 10.4174/astr.2014.86.4.206.
    1. Nikolian V.C., Kamdar N.S., Regenbogen S.E., Morris A.M., Byrn J.C., Suwanabol P.A., Campbell D.A., Hendren S. Anastomotic leak after colorectal resection: A population-based study of risk factors and hospital variation. Surgery. 2017;161:1619–1627. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.12.033.
    1. Akiyoshi T., Ueno M., Fukunaga Y., Nagayama S., Fujimoto Y., Konishi T., Kuroyanagi H., Yamaguchi T. Effect of Body Mass Index on Short-term Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Resection for Colorectal Cancer. Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutaneous Tech. 2011;21:409–414. doi: 10.1097/SLE.0b013e31822e5fdc.
    1. Watanabe J., Tatsumi K., Ota M., Suwa Y., Suzuki S., Watanabe A., Ishibe A., Watanabe K., Akiyama H., Ichikawa Y., et al. The impact of visceral obesity on surgical outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2014;29:343–351. doi: 10.1007/s00384-013-1803-9.
    1. Cakir H., Heus C., Verduin W.M., Lak A., Doodeman H.J., Bemelman W.A., Houdijk A.P. Visceral obesity, body mass index and risk of complications after colon cancer resection: A retrospective cohort study. Surgery. 2015;157:909–915. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.12.012.
    1. Goulart A., Malheiro N., Ríos H., Sousa N., Leao P. Influence of Visceral Fat in the Outcomes of Colorectal Cancer. Dig. Surg. 2018;36:33–40. doi: 10.1159/000486143.
    1. Yang T., Wei M., He Y., Deng X., Wang Z. Impact of visceral obesity on outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal surgery: A meta-analysis. ANZ J. Surg. 2015;85:507–513. doi: 10.1111/ans.13132.
    1. Telem D.A. Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leak Following Colorectal Surgery. Arch. Surg. 2010;145:371. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.2010.40.
    1. Ionescu D., Tibrea C., Puia C. Pre-operative hypoalbuminemia in colorectal cancer patients undergoing elective surgery—A major risk factor for postoperative outcome. Chirurgia. 2013;108:822–828.
    1. Shimura T., Toiyama Y., Hiro J., Imaoka H., Fujikawa H., Kobayashi M., Ohi M., Inoue Y., Mohri Y., Kusunoki M. Monitoring perioperative serum albumin can identify anastomotic leakage in colorectal cancer patients with curative intent. Asian J. Surg. 2018;41:30–38. doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2016.07.009.
    1. Haddad N.N., Bruns B.R., Enniss T.M., Turay D., Sakran J.V., Fathalizadeh A., Arnold K., Murry J.S., Carrick M.M., Hernandez M.C., et al. Perioperative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of anastomotic failure in emergency general surgery. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;83:657–661. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001583.
    1. Hakkarainen T.W., Steele S.R., Bastaworous A., Dellinger E.P., Farrokhi E., Farjah F., Florence M., Helton S., Horton M., Pietro M., et al. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and the Risk for Anastomotic Failure. JAMA Surg. 2015;150:223–228. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2014.2239.
    1. Bakker N., Deelder J.D., Richir M., Cakir H., Doodeman H.J., Schreurs W.H., Houdijk A.P. Risk of anastomotic leakage with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs within an enhanced recovery program. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2015;20:776–782. doi: 10.1007/s11605-015-3010-1.
    1. Gorissen K.J., Benning D., Berghmans T., Snoeijs M., Sosef M.N., Hulsewe K.W.E., Luyer M.D.P. Risk of anastomotic leakage with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal surgery. BJS. 2012;99:721–727. doi: 10.1002/bjs.8691.
    1. Paulasir S., Kaoutzanis C., Welch K.B., Vandewarker J.F., Krapohl G., Lampman R.M., Franz M.G., Cleary R.K. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2015;58:870–877. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000430.
    1. Hultberg D.K., Angenete E., Lydrup M.-L., Rutegård J., Matthiessen P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. (EJSO) 2017;43:1908–1914. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.06.010.
    1. Westermark S., Hultberg D.K., Matthiessen P. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use and Risk of Anastomotic Leakage after Anterior Resection: A Protocol-Based Study. Dig. Surg. 2016;33:129–135. doi: 10.1159/000443216.
    1. Eriksen T.F., Lassen C.B., Gögenur I. Treatment with corticosteroids and the risk of anastomotic leakage following lower gastrointestinal surgery: A literature survey. Color. Dis. 2014;16:O154–O160. doi: 10.1111/codi.12490.
    1. Midura E.F., Hanseman D., Davis B.R., Atkinson S.J., Abbott D.E., Shah S.A., Paquette I.M. Risk Factors and Consequences of Anastomotic Leak After Colectomy. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2015;58:333–338. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000249.
    1. Konishi T., Watanabe T., Kishimoto J., Nagawa H. Risk Factors for Anastomotic Leakage after Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: Results of Prospective Surveillance. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2006;202:439–444. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.10.019.
    1. Slieker J.C., Komen N., Mannaerts G.H., Karsten T.M., Willemsen P., Murawska M., Jeekel J., Lange J.F. Long-term and Perioperative Corticosteroids in Anastomotic Leakage. Arch. Surg. 2012;147:447–452. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.2011.1690.
    1. Battersby C., Battersby N., Slade D., Soop M., Walsh C. Preoperative mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation to reduce infectious complications of colorectal surgery—The need for updated guidelines. J. Hosp. Infect. 2019;101:295–299. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.12.010.
    1. Liu Z., Yang M., Zhao Z.-X., Guan X., Jiang Z., Chen H.-P., Wang S., Quan J.-C., Yang R.-K., Wang X.-S. Current practice patterns of preoperative bowel preparation in colorectal surgery: A nation-wide survey by the Chinese Society of Colorectal Cancer. World J. Surg. Oncol. 2018;16:134. doi: 10.1186/s12957-018-1440-4.
    1. Kiran R.P., Murray A.C.A., Chiuzan C., Estrada D., Forde K. Combined Preoperative Mechanical Bowel Preparation With Oral Antibiotics Significantly Reduces Surgical Site Infection, Anastomotic Leak, and Ileus After Colorectal Surgery. Ann. Surg. 2015;262:416–425. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001416.
    1. Scarborough J.E., Mantyh C.R., Sun Z., Migaly J. Combined Mechanical and Oral Antibiotic Bowel Preparation Reduces Incisional Surgical Site Infection and Anastomotic Leak Rates After Elective Colorectal Resection. Ann. Surg. 2015;262:331–337. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001041.
    1. Sanders G., Mercer S., Saeb-Parsey K., A Akhavani M., Hosie K.B., Lambert A.W. Randomized clinical trial of intravenous fluid replacement during bowel preparation for surgery. BJS. 2002;88:1363–1365. doi: 10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01872.x.
    1. Shapira Z., Feldman L., Lavy R., Weissgarten J., Haitov Z., Halevy A. Bowel preparation: Comparing metabolic and electrolyte changes when using sodium phosphate/polyethylene glycol. Int. J. Surg. 2010;8:356–358. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.04.009.
    1. Jung B., Lannerstad O., Påhlman L., Arodell M., Unosson M., Nilsson E. Preoperative mechanical preparation of the colon: The patient’s experience. BMC Surg. 2007;7:5. doi: 10.1186/1471-2482-7-5.
    1. Jung B., Matthiessen P., Smedh K., Nilsson E., Ransjö U., Påhlman L. Mechanical bowel preparation does not affect the intramucosal bacterial colony count. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2009;25:439–442. doi: 10.1007/s00384-009-0863-3.
    1. Rollins K., Javanmard-Emamghissi H., Lobo D.N. Impact of mechanical bowel preparation in elective colorectal surgery: A meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2018;24:519–536. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i4.519.
    1. Mai-Phan A.T., Nguyen H., Nguyen T.T., A Nguyen D., Thai T.T. Randomized controlled trial of mechanical bowel preparation for laparoscopy-assisted colectomy. Asian J. Endosc. Surg. 2019;12:408–411. doi: 10.1111/ases.12671.
    1. Ji W.B., Hahn K.Y., Kwak J.M., Kang D.W., Baek S.J., Kim J., Kim S.H. Mechanical Bowel Preparation Does Not Affect Clinical Severity of Anastomotic Leakage in Rectal Cancer Surgery. World J. Surg. 2016;41:1366–1374. doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3839-9.
    1. Pittet O., Nocito A., Balke H., Duvoisin C., Clavien P.A., Demartines N., Hahnloser D. Rectal enema is an alternative to full mechanical bowel preparation for primary rectal cancer surgery. Color. Dis. 2015;17:1007–1010. doi: 10.1111/codi.12974.
    1. Klinger A.L., Green H., Monlezun D.J., Beck D., Kann B., Vargas H.D., Whitlow C., Margolin D. The Role of Bowel Preparation in Colorectal Surgery. Ann. Surg. 2019;269:671–677. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002568.
    1. Garfinkle R., Abou-Khalil J., Morin N., Ghitulescu G., Vasilevsky C.-A., Gordon P., Demian M., Boutros M. Is There a Role for Oral Antibiotic Preparation Alone Before Colorectal Surgery? ACS-NSQIP Analysis by Coarsened Exact Matching. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2017;60:729–737. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000851.
    1. Toh J.W.T., Phan K., Ctercteko G., Pathma-Nathan N., El-Khoury T., Richardson A., Morgan G., Tang R., Zeng M., Donovan S., et al. The role of mechanical bowel preparation and oral antibiotics for left-sided laparoscopic and open elective restorative colorectal surgery with and without faecal diversion. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2018;33:1781–1791. doi: 10.1007/s00384-018-3166-8.
    1. Rahbari N.N., Elbers H., Askoxylakis V., Motschall E., Bork U., Büchler M.W., Weitz J., Koch M. Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2013;20:4169–4182. doi: 10.1245/s10434-013-3198-9.
    1. Martin S.T., Heneghan H., Winter D.C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes following pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. BJS. 2012;99:918–928. doi: 10.1002/bjs.8702.
    1. Park E.J., Kang J., Hur H., Min B.S., Baik S.H., Lee K.Y., Kim N.K. Different clinical features according to the anastomotic leakage subtypes after rectal cancer surgeries: Contained vs. free leakages. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0208572. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208572.
    1. Qin Q., Ma T., Deng Y., Zheng J., Zhou Z., Wang H., Wang L., Wang J. Impact of Preoperative Radiotherapy on Anastomotic Leakage and Stenosis After Rectal Cancer Resection: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2016;59:934–942. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000665.
    1. Marijnen C.A., Kapiteijn E., Van De Velde C.J., Martijn H., Steup W.H., Wiggers T., Kranenbarg E.K., Leer J.W., the Cooperative Investigators of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group Acute Side Effects and Complications After Short-Term Preoperative Radiotherapy Combined With Total Mesorectal Excision in Primary Rectal Cancer: Report of a Multicenter Randomized Trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002;20:817–825. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2002.20.3.817.
    1. Chang J.S., Keum K.C., Kim N.-K., Baik S.H., Min B.S., Huh H., Lee C.G., Koom W.S. Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy Effects on Anastomotic Leakage After Rectal Cancer Resection. Ann. Surg. 2014;259:516–521. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31829068c5.
    1. Hu M., Huang R.-K., Zhao R.-S., Yang K.-L., Wang H. Does neoadjuvant therapy increase the incidence of anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for mid and low rectal cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Color. Dis. 2017;19:16–26. doi: 10.1111/codi.13424.
    1. Ma B., Gao P., Wang H., Xu Q., Song Y., Huang X., Sun J., Zhao J., Luo J., Sun Y., et al. What has preoperative radio(chemo)therapy brought to localized rectal cancer patients in terms of perioperative and long-term outcomes over the past decades? A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 41,121 patients. Int. J. Cancer. 2017;141:1052–1065. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30805.
    1. Du D., Su Z., Wang D., Liu W., Wei Z. Optimal Interval to Surgery After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin. Color. Cancer. 2018;17:13–24. doi: 10.1016/j.clcc.2017.10.012.
    1. Qin C., Ren X., Xu K., Chen Z., He Y., Song X. Does Preoperative Radio(chemo)therapy Increase Anastomotic Leakage in Rectal Cancer Surgery? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Gastroenterol. Res. Pr. 2014;2014:1–7. doi: 10.1155/2014/910956.
    1. Rullier E., Laurent C., Garrelon J.L., Michel P., Saric J., Parneix M. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after resection of rectal cancer. BJS. 2003;85:355–358. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00615.x.
    1. Killingback M., Barron P., Dent O. Elective resection and anastomosis for colorectal cancer: A prospective audit of mortality and morbidity 1976−1998. ANZ J. Surg. 2002;72:689–698. doi: 10.1046/j.1445-2197.2002.02524.x.
    1. Pommergaard H.-C., Gessler B., Burcharth J., Angenete E., Haglind E., Rosenberg J. Preoperative risk factors for anastomotic leakage after resection for colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Color. Dis. 2014;16:662–671. doi: 10.1111/codi.12618.
    1. Vignali A., Gianotti L., Braga M., Radaelli G., Malvezzi L., Di Carlo V. Altered microperfusion at the rectal stump is predictive for rectal anastomotic leak. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2000;43:76–82. doi: 10.1007/BF02237248.
    1. Schouten S.B., De Bruin A.F.J., Gosselink M.P., Nigg A.L., Van Iterson M., Biermann K., Kliffen M., Van Der Harst E. Is microvessel density correlated with anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection? Hepatogastroenterology. 2014;61:90–93.
    1. Diller R., Stratmann U., Helmschmied T., Bäumer G., Bahde R., Minin E., Spiegel H.-U. Microcirculatory Dysfunction in Endotoxemic Bowel Anastomosis: The Pathogenetic Contribution of Microcirculatory Dysfunction to Endotoxemia-Induced Healing Impairment. J. Surg. Res. 2008;150:3–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.12.795.
    1. Wada T., Kawada K., Hoshino N., Inamoto S., Yoshitomi M., Hida K., Sakai Y. The effects of intraoperative ICG fluorescence angiography in laparoscopic low anterior resection: A propensity score-matched study. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 2019;24:394–402. doi: 10.1007/s10147-018-1365-5.
    1. Watanabe J., Ishibe A., Suwa Y., Suwa H., Ota M., Kunisaki C., Endo I. Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging to reduce the risk of anastomotic leakage in laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer: A propensity score-matched cohort study. Surg. Endosc. 2019;34:202–208. doi: 10.1007/s00464-019-06751-9.
    1. Ohya H., Watanabe J., Suwa H., Suwa Y., Ishibe A., Masui H., Nagahori K., Kunisaki C., Endo I. Incidence and risk factors for fluorescence abnormalities on near-infrared imaging using indocyanine green in stapled functional end-to-end anastomosis in laparoscopic colectomy. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2020;35:2011–2018. doi: 10.1007/s00384-020-03674-z.
    1. Granero E.G., Navarro F., Santacruz C.C., Frasson M., García-Granero A., Marinello F., Flor-Lorente B., Espí A. Individual surgeon is an independent risk factor for leak after double-stapled colorectal anastomosis: An institutional analysis of 800 patients. Surgery. 2017;162:1006–1016. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.05.023.
    1. Biondo S., Kreisler E., Millan M., Fraccalvieri D., Golda T., Frago R., Miguel B. Impact of Surgical Specialization on Emergency Colorectal Surgery Outcomes. Arch. Surg. 2010;145:79–86. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.2009.208.
    1. Kelly M., Bhangu A., Singh P., Fitzgerald J.E.F., Tekkis P.P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of trainee- versus expert surgeon-performed colorectal resection. BJS. 2014;101:750–759. doi: 10.1002/bjs.9472.
    1. Peeters K.C.M.J., Tollenaar R.A.E.M., Marijnen C., Kranenbarg E.K., Steup W.H., Wiggers T., Rutten H.J., van de Velde C.J.H. Risk factors for anastomotic failure after total mesorectal excision of rectal cancer. BJS. 2005;92:211–216. doi: 10.1002/bjs.4806.
    1. Neutzling C.B., Lustosa S.A.S., Proenca I.M., Da Silva E.M.K., Matos D. Stapled versus handsewn methods for colorectal anastomosis surgery. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012;2:CD003144. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003144.pub2.
    1. Choy P.Y.G., Bissett I.P., Docherty J.G., Parry B.R., Merrie A., Fitzgerald A. Stapled versus handsewn methods for ileocolic anastomoses. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011;9:CD004320. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004320.pub3.
    1. Puleo S., Sofia M., Trovato M.A., Pesce A., Portale T.R., Russello D., La Greca G. Ileocolonic anastomosis: Preferred techniques in 999 patients. A multicentric study. Surg. Today. 2012;43:1145–1149. doi: 10.1007/s00595-012-0381-8.
    1. The 2015 European Society of Coloproctology Collaborating Group. Battersby N., Bhangu A., Chaudhri S., El-Hussuna A., Frasson M., Nepogodiev D., Singh B., Vennix S., Zmora O., et al. Relationship between method of anastomosis and anastomotic failure after right hemicolectomy and ileo-caecal resection: An international snapshot audit. Color. Dis. 2017;19 doi: 10.1111/codi.13646.
    1. Kayano H., Okuda J., Tanaka K., Kondo K., Tanigawa N. Evaluation of the learning curve in laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Surg. Endosc. 2011;25:2972–2979. doi: 10.1007/s00464-011-1655-8.
    1. Balciscueta Z., Uribe N., Caubet L., López M., Torrijo I., Tabet J., Martín M.C. Impact of the number of stapler firings on anastomotic leakage in laparoscopic rectal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech. Coloproctol. 2020;24:919–925. doi: 10.1007/s10151-020-02240-7.
    1. Akiyoshi T., Ueno M., Fukunaga Y., Nagayama S., Fujimoto Y., Konishi T., Kuroyanagi H., Yamaguchi T. Incidence of and risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic anterior resection with intracorporeal rectal transection and double-stapling technique anastomosis for rectal cancer. Am. J. Surg. 2011;202:259–264. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.11.014.
    1. Fleshman J.W., E Branda M., Sargent D.J., Boller A.M., George V., A Abbas M., Peters W.R., Maun D., Chang G., Herline A.J., et al. Effect of Laparoscopic-Assisted Resection vs Open Resection of Stage II or III Rectal Cancer on Pathologic Outcomes. JAMA. 2015;314:1346–1355. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.10529.
    1. Stevenson A.R.L., Solomon M., Lumley J.W., Hewett P., Clouston A., Gebski V., Davies L., Wilson C., Hague W., Simes J. Effect of Laparoscopic-Assisted Resection vs Open Resection on Pathological Outcomes in Rectal Cancer: The ALaCaRT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015;314:1356–1363. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12009.
    1. Kim C.W., Baek S.J., Hur H., Min B.S., Baik S.H., Kim N.-K. Anastomotic Leakage After Low Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer Is Different Between Minimally Invasive Surgery and Open Surgery. Ann. Surg. 2016;263:130–137. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001157.
    1. Martínez-Pérez A., Carra M.C., Brunetti F., De’Angelis N. Short-term clinical outcomes of laparoscopic vs open rectal excision for rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017;23:7906–7916. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i44.7906.
    1. Van der Pas M.H., Haglind E., A Cuesta M., Fürst A., Lacy A.M., Hop W.C., Bonjer H.J. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer (COLOR II): Short-term outcomes of a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:210–218. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70016-0.
    1. Ng S.S.M., Lee J.F.Y., Yiu R.Y.C., Li J.C.M., Hon S.S.F., Mak T.W.C., Ngo D.K.Y., Leung W.W., Leung K.L. Laparoscopic-assisted versus open total mesorectal excision with anal sphincter preservation for mid and low rectal cancer: A prospective, randomized trial. Surg. Endosc. 2013;28:297–306. doi: 10.1007/s00464-013-3187-x.
    1. Kang S.-B., Park J.W., Jeong S.-Y., Nam B.H., Choi H.S., Kim D.-W., Lim S.-B., Lee T.-G., Kim D.Y., Kim J.-S., et al. Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid or low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN trial): Short-term outcomes of an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:637–645. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70131-5.
    1. Zhang X., Wu Q., Hu T., Gu C., Xubing Z., Wang Z. Laparoscopic Versus Conventional Open Surgery in Intersphincteric Resection for Low Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. 2018;28:189–200. doi: 10.1089/lap.2017.0495.
    1. Chen H., Ma B., Gao P., Wang H., Song Y., Tong L., Li P., Wang Z. Laparoscopic intersphincteric resection versus an open approach for low rectal cancer: A meta-analysis. World J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;15:229. doi: 10.1186/s12957-017-1304-3.
    1. Penna M., Hompes R., Arnold S., Wynn G., Austin R., Warusavitarne J., Moran B., Hanna G.B., Mortensen N.J., Tekkis P.P. Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision. Ann. Surg. 2017;266:111–117. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001948.
    1. Burke J.P., Martin-Perez B., Khan A., Nassif G., Debeche-Adams T., Larach S.W., Albert M.R., Atallah S. Transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: Early outcomes in 50 consecutive patients. Color. Dis. 2016;18:570–577. doi: 10.1111/codi.13263.
    1. De’Angelis N., Portigliotti L., Brunetti F. Robot-assisted rectal cancer surgery deserves a fair trial. Color. Dis. 2015;17:824–825. doi: 10.1111/codi.13062.
    1. Aly E.H. Robotic colorectal surgery: Summary of the current evidence. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2013;29:1–8. doi: 10.1007/s00384-013-1764-z.
    1. Petrucciani N., Sirimarco D., Nigri G., Magistri P., La Torre M., D’Angelo F., Ramacciato G., Aurello P. Robotic right colectomy: A worthwhile procedure? Results of a meta-analysis of trials comparing robotic versus laparoscopic right colectomy. J. Minimal Access Surg. 2015;11:22–28. doi: 10.4103/0972-9941.147678.
    1. Ahmed J., Cao H., Panteleimonitis S., Khan J., Parvaiz A. Robotic vs laparoscopic rectal surgery in high-risk patients. Color. Dis. 2017;19:1092–1099. doi: 10.1111/codi.13783.
    1. Al-Mazrou A.M., Chiuzan C., Kiran R.P. The robotic approach significantly reduces length of stay after colectomy: A propensity score-matched analysis. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2017;32:1415–1421. doi: 10.1007/s00384-017-2845-1.
    1. Bertelsen C.A., Andreasen A.H., Jørgensen T., Harling H., on behalf of the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group Anastomotic leakage after curative anterior resection for rectal cancer: Short and long term outcome. Color. Dis. 2009;12:e76–e81. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01935.x.
    1. Eberl T., Jagoditsch M., Klingler A., Tschmelitsch J. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after resection for rectal cancer. Am. J. Surg. 2008;196:592–598. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.10.023.
    1. Lipska M.A., Bissett I.P., Parry B.R., Merrie A.E.H. Anastomotic Leakage after Lower Gastrointestinal Anastomosis: Men Are at a Higher Risk. ANZ J. Surg. 2006;76:579–585. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2006.03780.x.
    1. Gu W.-L., Wu S.-W. Meta-analysis of defunctioning stoma in low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: Evidence based on thirteen studies. World J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;13:9. doi: 10.1186/s12957-014-0417-1.
    1. Chen J., Wang D.-R., Yu H.-F., Zhao Z.-K., Wang L.-H., Li Y.-K. Defunctioning Stoma in Low Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Five Recent Studies. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011;59:1828–1831. doi: 10.5754/hge11786.
    1. Mrak K., Uranitsch S., Pedross F., Heuberger A., Klingler A., Jagoditsch M., Weihs D., Eberl T., Tschmelitsch J. Diverting ileostomy versus no diversion after low anterior resection for rectal cancer: A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Surgery. 2016;159:1129–1139. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.11.006.
    1. Chen J., Zhang Y., Jiang C., Yu H., Zhang K., Zhang M., Zhang G.-Q., Zhou S.-J. Temporary ileostomy versus colostomy for colorectal anastomosis: Evidence from 12 studies. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2013;48:556–562. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2013.779019.
    1. Rondelli F., Reboldi P., Rulli A., Barberini F., Guerrisi A., Izzo L., Bolognese A., Covarelli P., Boselli C., Becattini C., et al. Loop ileostomy versus loop colostomy for fecal diversion after colorectal or coloanal anastomosis: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2009;24:479–488. doi: 10.1007/s00384-009-0662-x.
    1. Gastinger I., Marusch F., Steinert R., Wolff S., Koeckerling F., Lippert H. Protective defunctioning stoma in low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. BJS. 2005;92:1137–1142. doi: 10.1002/bjs.5045.
    1. Hüser N., Michalski C.W., Erkan M., Schuster T., Rosenberg R., Kleeff J., Friess H. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Role of Defunctioning Stoma in Low Rectal Cancer Surgery. Ann. Surg. 2008;248:52–60. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318176bf65.
    1. Åkesson O., Syk I., Lindmark G., Buchwald P. Morbidity related to defunctioning loop ileostomy in low anterior resection. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2012;27:1619–1623. doi: 10.1007/s00384-012-1490-y.
    1. Floodeen H., Hallböök O., Hagberg L., Matthiessen P. Costs and resource use following defunctioning stoma in low anterior resection for cancer—A long-term analysis of a randomized multicenter trial. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. (EJSO) 2017;43:330–336. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.12.003.
    1. Tortorelli A.P., Alfieri S., Sanchez A.M., Rosa F., Papa V., Di Miceli D., Bellantone C., Doglietto G.B. Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer with mesorectal excision: Incidence, risk factors, and management. Am. Surg. 2015;81:41–47. doi: 10.1177/000313481508100128.
    1. Matthiessen P., Hallböök O., Rutegård J., Simert G., Sjödahl R. Defunctioning Stoma Reduces Symptomatic Anastomotic Leakage After Low Anterior Resection of the Rectum for Cancer: A Randomized Multicenter Trial. Ann. Surg. 2008;247:719–720. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31816a74b5.
    1. Abudeeb H., Hammad A., Ugwu A., Darabnia J., Malcomson L., Maung M., Khan K., Mclaughlin C., Mukherjee A. Defunctioning stoma- a prognosticator for leaks in low rectal restorative cancer resection: A retrospective analysis of stoma database. Ann. Med. Surg. 2017;21:114–117. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2017.07.044.
    1. Shiomi A., Ito M., Maeda K., Kinugasa Y., Ota M., Yamaue H., Shiozawa M., Horie H., Kuriu Y., Saito N. Effects of a Diverting Stoma on Symptomatic Anastomotic Leakage after Low Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis of 1,014 Consecutive Patients. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2015;220:186–194. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.10.017.
    1. Kapiteijn E., Marijnen C.A., Nagtegaal I.D., Putter H., Steup W.H., Wiggers T., Rutten H.J., Pahlman L., Glimelius B., Van Krieken J.H., et al. Preoperative Radiotherapy Combined with Total Mesorectal Excision for Resectable Rectal Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001;345:638–646. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010580.
    1. Zhang H.-Y., Zhao C.-L., Xie J., Ye Y.-W., Sun J.-F., Ding Z.-H., Xu H.-N., Ding L. To drain or not to drain in colorectal anastomosis: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2016;31:951–960. doi: 10.1007/s00384-016-2509-6.
    1. Rondelli F., Bugiantella W., Vedovati M.C., Balzarotti R., Avenia N., Mariani E., Agnelli G., Becattini C. To drain or not to drain extraperitoneal colorectal anastomosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Color. Dis. 2013;16:O35–O42. doi: 10.1111/codi.12491.
    1. Qu H., Liu Y., Bi D.-S. Clinical risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg. Endosc. 2015;29:3608–3617. doi: 10.1007/s00464-015-4117-x.
    1. Menahem B., Vallois A., Alves A., Lubrano J. Prophylactic pelvic drainage after rectal resection with extraperitoneal anastomosis: Is it worthwhile? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2017;32:1531–1538. doi: 10.1007/s00384-017-2891-8.
    1. Guerra F., Giuliani G., Coletta D., Boni M., Rondelli F., Bianchi P.P., Coratti A. A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Use of Suction Drains Following Rectal Surgery. Dig. Surg. 2017;35:482–490. doi: 10.1159/000485139.
    1. Denost Q., Rouanet P., Faucheron J.-L., Panis Y., Meunier B., Cotte E., Meurette G., Kirzin S., Sabbagh C., Loriau J., et al. To Drain or Not to Drain Infraperitoneal Anastomosis After Rectal Excision for Cancer. Ann. Surg. 2017;265:474–480. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001991.
    1. Choi H.-K., Law W.-L., Ho J.W.C. Leakage After Resection and Intraperitoneal Anastomosis for Colorectal Malignancy: Analysis of Risk Factors. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2006;49:1719–1725. doi: 10.1007/s10350-006-0703-2.
    1. McDermott F., Collins D., Heeney A., Winter D.C. Minimally invasive and surgical management strategies tailored to the severity of acute diverticulitis. BJS. 2013;101:e90–e99. doi: 10.1002/bjs.9359.
    1. Oberkofler C.E., Rickenbacher A., Raptis D.A., Lehmann K., Villiger P., Buchli C., Grieder F., Gelpke H., Decurtins M., Tempia-Caliera A.A., et al. A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Primary Anastomosis or Hartmann’s Procedure for Perforated Left Colonic Diverticulitis With Purulent or Fecal Peritonitis. Ann. Surg. 2012;256:819–827. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31827324ba.
    1. Buchs N., Gervaz P., Secic M., Bucher P., Mugnier-Konrad B., Morel P. Incidence, consequences, and risk factors for anastomotic dehiscence after colorectal surgery: A prospective monocentric study. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2008;23:265–270. doi: 10.1007/s00384-007-0399-3.
    1. Matthiessen P., Hallbook O., Andersson M., Rutegard J., Sjodahl R. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after anterior resection of the rectum. Color. Dis. 2004;6:462–469. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2004.00657.x.
    1. Iancu C., Mocan L.C., Todea-Iancu D., Mocan T., Acalovschi I., Ionescu D., Zaharie F.V., Osian G., I Puia C., Muntean V. Host-related predictive factors for anastomotic leakage following large bowel resections for colorectal cancer. J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis. 2008;17:299–303.
    1. Hayden D.M., Pinzon M.C.M., Francescatti A.B., Saclarides T.J. Patient factors may predict anastomotic complications after rectal cancer surgery. Ann. Med. Surg. 2015;4:11–16. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2014.12.002.
    1. Marinello F., Baguena G., Lucas E., Frasson M., Hervas D., Flor-Lorente B., Esclapez P., Espí A., García-Granero E. Anastomotic leakage after colon cancer resection: Does the individual surgeon matter? Color. Dis. 2016;18:562–569. doi: 10.1111/codi.13212.
    1. Lai R., Lu Y., Li Q., Guo J., Chen G., Zeng W. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage following anterior resection for colorectal cancer: The effect of epidural analgesia on occurrence. Int. J. Color. Dis. 2013;28:485–492. doi: 10.1007/s00384-012-1585-5.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors en medewerkers

Medische omstandigheden

Geneesmiddelinterventies

3
Abonneren