Immunogenicity and antitumor effects of vaccination with peptide vaccine+/-granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor and/or IFN-alpha2b in advanced metastatic melanoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II Trial E1696

Abstract

Purpose: No therapy has ever shown prolongation of survival in stage IV metastatic melanoma. The association of cytokine-induced autoimmunity with improved prognosis led us to investigate the effect of multi-epitope melanoma vaccines alone and in combination with cytokines in this Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group multicenter phase II trial.

Experimental design: Eligible patients were required to have failed prior therapies and to be HLA-A2 positive. Three HLA class I-restricted lineage antigen epitopes were administered in a factorial 2x2 design. Peptide vaccine alone (arm A), or combined with granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; Immunex) 250 microg/d subcutaneously for 14 of 28 days each month (arm B), or combined with IFN-alpha2b (Intron A; Schering-Plough) 10 million units/m2 three times a week (arm C), or combined with both IFN-alpha2b and GM-CSF (arm D). The primary endpoint was immune response measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay; secondary endpoints were clinical antitumor response, disease-free survival, and overall survival.

Results: One hundred twenty patients enrolled and 115 patients were analyzed. Immune responses to at least one melanoma antigen were observed in 26 of 75 (35%) patients with serial samples. Neither IFN-alpha2b nor GM-CSF significantly improved immune responses. Six objective clinical responses were documented. At a median follow-up of 25.4 months, the median overall survival of patients with vaccine immune response was significantly longer than that of patients with no immune response (21.3 versus 13.4 months; P=0.046).

Conclusion: Immune response to vaccination correlates with prolonged survival in patients with metastatic melanoma and is not enhanced by immunomodulatory cytokines as tested in this trial.

Figures

Fig. 1

Schema for ECOG phase II trial E1696.

Fig. 2

PFS and OS by treatment (n = 115) and PFS by treatment (n = 115). 1, A, progression of survival of patients according to treatment with IFN-α2b; B, progression of survival of patients according to treatment with GM-CSF. OS by treatment (n = 115). 2, A, OS by treatment with IFN-α2b; B, OS by treatment with GM-CSF.

Fig. 2

PFS and OS by treatment (n = 115) and PFS by treatment (n = 115). 1, A, progression of survival of patients according to treatment with IFN-α2b; B, progression of survival of patients according to treatment with GM-CSF. OS by treatment (n = 115). 2, A, OS by treatment with IFN-α2b; B, OS by treatment with GM-CSF.

Fig. 2

PFS and OS by treatment (n = 115) and PFS by treatment (n = 115). 1, A, progression of survival of patients according to treatment with IFN-α2b; B, progression of survival of patients according to treatment with GM-CSF. OS by treatment (n = 115). 2, A, OS by treatment with IFN-α2b; B, OS by treatment with GM-CSF.

Fig. 2

PFS and OS by treatment (n = 115) and PFS by treatment (n = 115). 1, A, progression of survival of patients according to treatment with IFN-α2b; B, progression of survival of patients according to treatment with GM-CSF. OS by treatment (n = 115). 2, A, OS by treatment with IFN-α2b; B, OS by treatment with GM-CSF.

Fig. 3

OS by ELISPOT response (n = 73). OS according to immune response to one or more of the three peptide vaccine antigens measured by ELISPOT.