Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples
Nicola Segata, Susan Kinder Haake, Peter Mannon, Katherine P Lemon, Levi Waldron, Dirk Gevers, Curtis Huttenhower, Jacques Izard, Nicola Segata, Susan Kinder Haake, Peter Mannon, Katherine P Lemon, Levi Waldron, Dirk Gevers, Curtis Huttenhower, Jacques Izard
Abstract
Background: To understand the relationship between our bacterial microbiome and health, it is essential to define the microbiome in the absence of disease. The digestive tract includes diverse habitats and hosts the human body's greatest bacterial density. We describe the bacterial community composition of ten digestive tract sites from more than 200 normal adults enrolled in the Human Microbiome Project, and metagenomically determined metabolic potentials of four representative sites.
Results: The microbiota of these diverse habitats formed four groups based on similar community compositions: buccal mucosa, keratinized gingiva, hard palate; saliva, tongue, tonsils, throat; sub- and supra-gingival plaques; and stool. Phyla initially identified from environmental samples were detected throughout this population, primarily TM7, SR1, and Synergistetes. Genera with pathogenic members were well-represented among this disease-free cohort. Tooth-associated communities were distinct, but not entirely dissimilar, from other oral surfaces. The Porphyromonadaceae, Veillonellaceae and Lachnospiraceae families were common to all sites, but the distributions of their genera varied significantly. Most metabolic processes were distributed widely throughout the digestive tract microbiota, with variations in metagenomic abundance between body habitats. These included shifts in sugar transporter types between the supragingival plaque, other oral surfaces, and stool; hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide production were also differentially distributed.
Conclusions: The microbiomes of ten digestive tract sites separated into four types based on composition. A core set of metabolic pathways was present across these diverse digestive tract habitats. These data provide a critical baseline for future studies investigating local and systemic diseases affecting human health.
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References
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- Ye Y, Doak TG. A parsimony approach to biological pathway reconstruction/inference for genomes and metagenomes. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5:e1000465. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000465.
- HMR16S - Raw 16S Data and Library Metadata.
- Schloss PD, Gevers D, Westcott SL. Reducing the effects of PCR amplification and sequencing artifacts on 16S rRNA-based studies. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e27310. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027310.
- HMMCP - mothur Community Profiling.
- HMIWGS/HMASM - Illumina WGS Reads and Assemblies.
- HMMRC - Metabolic Reconstruction.
Source: PubMed