The Consumption of Bicarbonate-Rich Mineral Water Improves Glycemic Control

Shinnosuke Murakami, Yasuaki Goto, Kyo Ito, Shinya Hayasaka, Shigeo Kurihara, Tomoyoshi Soga, Masaru Tomita, Shinji Fukuda, Shinnosuke Murakami, Yasuaki Goto, Kyo Ito, Shinya Hayasaka, Shigeo Kurihara, Tomoyoshi Soga, Masaru Tomita, Shinji Fukuda

Abstract

Hot spring water and natural mineral water have been therapeutically used to prevent or improve various diseases. Specifically, consumption of bicarbonate-rich mineral water (BMW) has been reported to prevent or improve type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms of the beneficial effects behind mineral water consumption remain unclear. To elucidate the molecular level effects of BMW consumption on glycemic control, blood metabolome analysis and fecal microbiome analysis were applied to the BMW consumption test. During the study, 19 healthy volunteers drank 500 mL of commercially available tap water (TW) or BMW daily. TW consumption periods and BMW consumption periods lasted for a week each and this cycle was repeated twice. Biochemical tests indicated that serum glycoalbumin levels, one of the indexes of glycemic controls, decreased significantly after BMW consumption. Metabolome analysis of blood samples revealed that 19 metabolites including glycolysis-related metabolites and 3 amino acids were significantly different between TW and BMW consumption periods. Additionally, microbiome analysis demonstrated that composition of lean-inducible bacteria was increased after BMW consumption. Our results suggested that consumption of BMW has the possible potential to prevent and/or improve T2D through the alterations of host metabolism and gut microbiota composition.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comparisons of relative serum glycoalbumin levels between TW and BMW consumption periods. Glycoalbumin levels were expressed as a relative value to week 0. (a) Individual data of mean relative glycoalbumin levels of weeks 1 and 3 (TW) and weeks 2 and 4 (BMW) were shown in dot plots overlaid on box plots. Plots corresponding to the same individuals were connected with red, blue, or gray lines when the values were decreased, increased, or not changed in BMW consumption periods as compared with TW consumption periods, respectively. Plots were also colored in the same color as their lines. (b) Records of weekly glycoalbumin levels. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Significances between week 0 and each week were shown at top of the graph. ∗∗P < 0.005.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparisons of blood metabolites between TW and BMW consumption periods. (a) Relative concentrations of each metabolite in blood were transformed to Z-score by subjects and shown as heat maps using blue-black-yellow scheme. Gray color indicates that the metabolites were not detected in the sample. A total of 152 metabolites were arranged in increasing order of P value that was calculated by Wilcoxon signed-rank test between TW and BMW consumption periods. (b) Mean relative concentrations of each metabolite (Z-score) of weeks 1 and 3 (TW) and weeks 2 and 4 (BMW) were shown in dot plots overlaid on box plots in the same manner as in Figure 1(a). Only 19 metabolites that their concentrations were significantly increased (upper 9 metabolites) or decreased (lower 10 metabolites) after BMW consumption (shown in upper block of panel (a)) were demonstrated. (c) Relative concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood were shown in dot plots overlaid on box plots in the same manner as in Figure 1(a). NS: not significant; ∗P < 0.05; ∗∗P < 0.005.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Comparisons of fecal microbiota compositions between TW and BMW consumption periods. (a) Family level compositions of fecal microbiota during the test. (b) Mean relative abundances of each taxa (Z-score) of weeks 1 and 3 (TW) and weeks 2 and 4 (BMW) were shown in dot plots overlaid on box plots in the same manner as in Figure 1(a). Only 8 families that their compositions were significantly different between TW and BMW consumption periods were demonstrated. ∗P < 0.05; ∗∗P < 0.005.

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