Telemonitoring and Health Counseling for Self-Management Support of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Inger Lindberg, Astrid Torbjørnsen, Siv Söderberg, Lis Ribu, Inger Lindberg, Astrid Torbjørnsen, Siv Söderberg, Lis Ribu

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing among adults globally, and there is a need for new models of health care delivery. Research has shown that self-management approaches encourage persons with chronic conditions to take a primary role in managing their daily care.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether the introduction of a health technology-supported self-management program involving telemonitoring and health counseling had beneficial effects on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), other clinical variables (height, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, blood lipid profile), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as measured using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) version 2 in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: This was a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of patients with type 2 diabetes. Both the control and intervention groups received usual care. The intervention group also participated in additional health promotion activities with the use of the Prescribed Healthcare Web application for self-monitoring of blood glucose and blood pressure. About every second month or when needed, the general practitioner or the diabetes nurse reviewed the results and the health care activity plan.

Results: A total of 166 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=87) or control (n=79) groups. From the baseline to follow-up, 36 patients in the intervention group and 5 patients in the control group were lost to follow-up, and 2 patients died. Additionally, HbA1c was not available at baseline in one patient in the intervention group. A total of 122 patients were included in the final analysis after 19 months. There were no significant differences between the groups in the primary outcome HbA1c level (P=.33), and in the secondary outcome HRQoL as measured using SF-36. A total of 80% (67/87) of the patients in the intervention group at the baseline, and 98% (47/50) of the responders after 19-month intervention were familiar with using a personal computer (P=.001). After 19 months, nonresponders (ie, data from baseline) reported significantly poorer mental health in social functioning and role emotional subscales on the SF-36 (P=.03, and P=.01, respectively).

Conclusions: The primary outcome HbA1c level and the secondary outcome HRQoL did not differ between groups after the 19-month follow-up. Those lost to follow-up reported significantly poorer mental health than did the responders in the intervention group.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01478672; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT01478672 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6r4eILeyu).

Keywords: clinical trial; health-related quality of life; self-management; telemonitoring; type 2 diabetes.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Inger Lindberg, Astrid Torbjørnsen, Siv Söderberg, Lis Ribu. Originally published in JMIR Diabetes (http://diabetes.jmir.org), 26.06.2017.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Telemonitoring devices and information flow during the field trial.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flow diagram depicting the phases of the parallel randomized trial of the two groups (intervention and control group).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Intervention group: differences in HRQoL on the SF-36 between responders and nonresponders at 19 months (with baseline data). Significant differences were found between responders and nonresponders in social functioning and role emotional functioning (both P

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