An examination of the bidirectional relationship between functioning and symptom levels in patients with anxiety disorders in the CALM study
L A Brown, J L Krull, P Roy-Byrne, C D Sherbourne, M B Stein, G Sullivan, R D Rose, A Bystritsky, M G Craske, L A Brown, J L Krull, P Roy-Byrne, C D Sherbourne, M B Stein, G Sullivan, R D Rose, A Bystritsky, M G Craske
Abstract
Background: Patients with anxiety disorders suffer marked functional impairment in their activities of daily living. Many studies have documented that improvements in anxiety symptom severity predict functioning improvements. However, no studies have investigated how improvements in functioning simultaneously predict symptom reduction. We hypothesized that symptom levels at a given time point will predict functioning at the subsequent time point, and simultaneously that functioning at a given time point will predict symptom levels at a subsequent time point.
Method: Patients were recruited from primary-care centers for the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) study and were randomized to receive either computer-assisted cognitive-behavioral therapy and/or medication management (ITV) or usual care (UC). A cross-lagged panel design examined the relationship between functional impairment and anxiety and depression symptom severity at baseline, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up assessments.
Results: Prospective prediction of functioning from symptoms and symptoms from functioning were both important in modeling these associations. Anxiety and depression predicted functioning as strongly as functioning predicted anxiety and depression. There were some differences in these associations between UC and ITV. Where differences emerged, the UC group was best modeled with prospective paths predicting functioning from symptoms, whereas symptoms and functioning were both important predictors in the ITV group.
Conclusions: Treatment outcome is best captured by measures of functional impairment as well as symptom severity. Implications for treatment are discussed, as well as future directions of research.
Keywords: Anxiety; functioning; primary care.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4383724/bin/nihms642653f1.jpg)
![Figure 2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4383724/bin/nihms642653f2.jpg)
Figure 3
A: Comparison of PHQ and…
Figure 3
A: Comparison of PHQ and PHS in UC Group B: Comparison of PHQ…
Figure 3
A: Comparison of PHQ and…
Figure 3
A: Comparison of PHQ and PHS in UC Group B: Comparison of PHQ…
Figure 4
BSI and SDS in the…
Figure 4
BSI and SDS in the Full Sample (UC and ITV) Note: ** indicates…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and SDS for UC group B: Comparison of ASI…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and SDS for UC group B: Comparison of ASI…
- Prognostic subgroups for remission and response in the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) trial.Kelly JM, Jakubovski E, Bloch MH. Kelly JM, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;76(3):267-78. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13m08922. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015. PMID: 25562579 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Anxiety treatment improves physical functioning with oblique scoring of the SF-12 short form health survey.Niles AN, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne PP, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Craske MG. Niles AN, et al. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 May-Jun;35(3):291-6. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.004. Epub 2013 Jan 16. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013. PMID: 23332608 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Effects of co-occurring depression on treatment for anxiety disorders: analysis of outcomes from a large primary care effectiveness trial.Campbell-Sills L, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne P, Craske MG, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Lang AJ, Chavira DA, Rose RD, Shaw Welch S, Stein MB. Campbell-Sills L, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;73(12):1509-16. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m07955. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012. PMID: 23290323 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care.Craske MG, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Sherbourne C, Bystritsky A, Rose RD, Lang AJ, Welch S, Campbell-Sills L, Golinelli D, Roy-Byrne P. Craske MG, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;68(4):378-88. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.25. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011. PMID: 21464362 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Suicidal Ideation.Harmer B, Lee S, Duong TVH, Saadabadi A. Harmer B, et al. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 33351435 Free Books & Documents.
- COVID-19 Worries and Insomnia: A Follow-Up Study.Brown LA, Zhu Y, Hamlett GE, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Visoki E, Greenberg DM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Brown LA, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 4;20(5):4568. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054568. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 36901578 Free PMC article.
- Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Migrant Population in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Bayes-Marin I, Roura-Adserias M, Giné-Vázquez I, Villalobos F, Franch-Roca M, Lloret-Pineda A, Gabarrell-Pascuet A, He Y, Hafi RE, Butt FMA, Mellor-Marsá B, Alós MC, Sainz-Elías H, Ayad-Ahmed W, Aparicio L, Cabeza ME, Bobo ÓÁ, López YO, Haro JM, Cristóbal-Narváez P. Bayes-Marin I, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 24;19(23):15646. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192315646. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 36497721 Free PMC article.
- Worry about COVID-19 as a predictor of future insomnia.Brown LA, Hamlett GE, Zhu Y, Wiley JF, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Visoki E, Greenberg DM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Brown LA, et al. J Sleep Res. 2022 Oct;31(5):e13564. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13564. Epub 2022 Feb 14. J Sleep Res. 2022. PMID: 35165971 Free PMC article.
- Anxiety disorders.Penninx BW, Pine DS, Holmes EA, Reif A. Penninx BW, et al. Lancet. 2021 Mar 6;397(10277):914-927. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00359-7. Epub 2021 Feb 11. Lancet. 2021. PMID: 33581801 Free PMC article. Review.
- Directionality of change in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and suicidal ideation over six years in a naturalistic clinical sample✰.Brown LA, Wakschal E, Russman-Block S, Boisseau CL, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Brown LA, et al. J Affect Disord. 2019 Feb 15;245:841-847. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.006. Epub 2018 Nov 13. J Affect Disord. 2019. PMID: 30699868 Free PMC article.
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Activities of Daily Living
- Adult
- Anti-Anxiety Agents / therapeutic use*
- Anxiety Disorders / therapy*
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / methods*
- Executive Function
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Primary Health Care*
- Prospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
- Treatment Outcome
- Anti-Anxiety Agents
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4383724/bin/nihms642653f3a.jpg)
Figure 3
A: Comparison of PHQ and…
Figure 3
A: Comparison of PHQ and PHS in UC Group B: Comparison of PHQ…
Figure 4
BSI and SDS in the…
Figure 4
BSI and SDS in the Full Sample (UC and ITV) Note: ** indicates…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and SDS for UC group B: Comparison of ASI…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and SDS for UC group B: Comparison of ASI…
- Prognostic subgroups for remission and response in the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) trial.Kelly JM, Jakubovski E, Bloch MH. Kelly JM, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;76(3):267-78. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13m08922. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015. PMID: 25562579 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Anxiety treatment improves physical functioning with oblique scoring of the SF-12 short form health survey.Niles AN, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne PP, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Craske MG. Niles AN, et al. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 May-Jun;35(3):291-6. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.004. Epub 2013 Jan 16. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013. PMID: 23332608 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Effects of co-occurring depression on treatment for anxiety disorders: analysis of outcomes from a large primary care effectiveness trial.Campbell-Sills L, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne P, Craske MG, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Lang AJ, Chavira DA, Rose RD, Shaw Welch S, Stein MB. Campbell-Sills L, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;73(12):1509-16. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m07955. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012. PMID: 23290323 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care.Craske MG, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Sherbourne C, Bystritsky A, Rose RD, Lang AJ, Welch S, Campbell-Sills L, Golinelli D, Roy-Byrne P. Craske MG, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;68(4):378-88. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.25. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011. PMID: 21464362 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Suicidal Ideation.Harmer B, Lee S, Duong TVH, Saadabadi A. Harmer B, et al. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 33351435 Free Books & Documents.
- COVID-19 Worries and Insomnia: A Follow-Up Study.Brown LA, Zhu Y, Hamlett GE, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Visoki E, Greenberg DM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Brown LA, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 4;20(5):4568. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054568. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 36901578 Free PMC article.
- Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Migrant Population in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Bayes-Marin I, Roura-Adserias M, Giné-Vázquez I, Villalobos F, Franch-Roca M, Lloret-Pineda A, Gabarrell-Pascuet A, He Y, Hafi RE, Butt FMA, Mellor-Marsá B, Alós MC, Sainz-Elías H, Ayad-Ahmed W, Aparicio L, Cabeza ME, Bobo ÓÁ, López YO, Haro JM, Cristóbal-Narváez P. Bayes-Marin I, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 24;19(23):15646. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192315646. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 36497721 Free PMC article.
- Worry about COVID-19 as a predictor of future insomnia.Brown LA, Hamlett GE, Zhu Y, Wiley JF, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Visoki E, Greenberg DM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Brown LA, et al. J Sleep Res. 2022 Oct;31(5):e13564. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13564. Epub 2022 Feb 14. J Sleep Res. 2022. PMID: 35165971 Free PMC article.
- Anxiety disorders.Penninx BW, Pine DS, Holmes EA, Reif A. Penninx BW, et al. Lancet. 2021 Mar 6;397(10277):914-927. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00359-7. Epub 2021 Feb 11. Lancet. 2021. PMID: 33581801 Free PMC article. Review.
- Directionality of change in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and suicidal ideation over six years in a naturalistic clinical sample✰.Brown LA, Wakschal E, Russman-Block S, Boisseau CL, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Brown LA, et al. J Affect Disord. 2019 Feb 15;245:841-847. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.006. Epub 2018 Nov 13. J Affect Disord. 2019. PMID: 30699868 Free PMC article.
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Activities of Daily Living
- Adult
- Anti-Anxiety Agents / therapeutic use*
- Anxiety Disorders / therapy*
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / methods*
- Executive Function
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Primary Health Care*
- Prospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
- Treatment Outcome
- Anti-Anxiety Agents
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4383724/bin/nihms642653f3b.jpg)
Figure 4
BSI and SDS in the…
Figure 4
BSI and SDS in the Full Sample (UC and ITV) Note: ** indicates…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and SDS for UC group B: Comparison of ASI…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and SDS for UC group B: Comparison of ASI…
- Prognostic subgroups for remission and response in the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) trial.Kelly JM, Jakubovski E, Bloch MH. Kelly JM, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;76(3):267-78. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13m08922. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015. PMID: 25562579 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Anxiety treatment improves physical functioning with oblique scoring of the SF-12 short form health survey.Niles AN, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne PP, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Craske MG. Niles AN, et al. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 May-Jun;35(3):291-6. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.004. Epub 2013 Jan 16. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013. PMID: 23332608 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Effects of co-occurring depression on treatment for anxiety disorders: analysis of outcomes from a large primary care effectiveness trial.Campbell-Sills L, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne P, Craske MG, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Lang AJ, Chavira DA, Rose RD, Shaw Welch S, Stein MB. Campbell-Sills L, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;73(12):1509-16. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m07955. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012. PMID: 23290323 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care.Craske MG, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Sherbourne C, Bystritsky A, Rose RD, Lang AJ, Welch S, Campbell-Sills L, Golinelli D, Roy-Byrne P. Craske MG, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;68(4):378-88. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.25. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011. PMID: 21464362 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Suicidal Ideation.Harmer B, Lee S, Duong TVH, Saadabadi A. Harmer B, et al. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 33351435 Free Books & Documents.
- COVID-19 Worries and Insomnia: A Follow-Up Study.Brown LA, Zhu Y, Hamlett GE, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Visoki E, Greenberg DM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Brown LA, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 4;20(5):4568. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054568. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 36901578 Free PMC article.
- Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Migrant Population in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Bayes-Marin I, Roura-Adserias M, Giné-Vázquez I, Villalobos F, Franch-Roca M, Lloret-Pineda A, Gabarrell-Pascuet A, He Y, Hafi RE, Butt FMA, Mellor-Marsá B, Alós MC, Sainz-Elías H, Ayad-Ahmed W, Aparicio L, Cabeza ME, Bobo ÓÁ, López YO, Haro JM, Cristóbal-Narváez P. Bayes-Marin I, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 24;19(23):15646. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192315646. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 36497721 Free PMC article.
- Worry about COVID-19 as a predictor of future insomnia.Brown LA, Hamlett GE, Zhu Y, Wiley JF, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Visoki E, Greenberg DM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Brown LA, et al. J Sleep Res. 2022 Oct;31(5):e13564. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13564. Epub 2022 Feb 14. J Sleep Res. 2022. PMID: 35165971 Free PMC article.
- Anxiety disorders.Penninx BW, Pine DS, Holmes EA, Reif A. Penninx BW, et al. Lancet. 2021 Mar 6;397(10277):914-927. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00359-7. Epub 2021 Feb 11. Lancet. 2021. PMID: 33581801 Free PMC article. Review.
- Directionality of change in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and suicidal ideation over six years in a naturalistic clinical sample✰.Brown LA, Wakschal E, Russman-Block S, Boisseau CL, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Brown LA, et al. J Affect Disord. 2019 Feb 15;245:841-847. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.006. Epub 2018 Nov 13. J Affect Disord. 2019. PMID: 30699868 Free PMC article.
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Activities of Daily Living
- Adult
- Anti-Anxiety Agents / therapeutic use*
- Anxiety Disorders / therapy*
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / methods*
- Executive Function
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Primary Health Care*
- Prospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
- Treatment Outcome
- Anti-Anxiety Agents
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4383724/bin/nihms642653f4.jpg)
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and SDS for UC group B: Comparison of ASI…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and SDS for UC group B: Comparison of ASI…
- Prognostic subgroups for remission and response in the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) trial.Kelly JM, Jakubovski E, Bloch MH. Kelly JM, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;76(3):267-78. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13m08922. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015. PMID: 25562579 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Anxiety treatment improves physical functioning with oblique scoring of the SF-12 short form health survey.Niles AN, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne PP, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Craske MG. Niles AN, et al. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 May-Jun;35(3):291-6. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.004. Epub 2013 Jan 16. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013. PMID: 23332608 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Effects of co-occurring depression on treatment for anxiety disorders: analysis of outcomes from a large primary care effectiveness trial.Campbell-Sills L, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne P, Craske MG, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Lang AJ, Chavira DA, Rose RD, Shaw Welch S, Stein MB. Campbell-Sills L, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;73(12):1509-16. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m07955. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012. PMID: 23290323 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care.Craske MG, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Sherbourne C, Bystritsky A, Rose RD, Lang AJ, Welch S, Campbell-Sills L, Golinelli D, Roy-Byrne P. Craske MG, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;68(4):378-88. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.25. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011. PMID: 21464362 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Suicidal Ideation.Harmer B, Lee S, Duong TVH, Saadabadi A. Harmer B, et al. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 33351435 Free Books & Documents.
- COVID-19 Worries and Insomnia: A Follow-Up Study.Brown LA, Zhu Y, Hamlett GE, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Visoki E, Greenberg DM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Brown LA, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 4;20(5):4568. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054568. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 36901578 Free PMC article.
- Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Migrant Population in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Bayes-Marin I, Roura-Adserias M, Giné-Vázquez I, Villalobos F, Franch-Roca M, Lloret-Pineda A, Gabarrell-Pascuet A, He Y, Hafi RE, Butt FMA, Mellor-Marsá B, Alós MC, Sainz-Elías H, Ayad-Ahmed W, Aparicio L, Cabeza ME, Bobo ÓÁ, López YO, Haro JM, Cristóbal-Narváez P. Bayes-Marin I, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 24;19(23):15646. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192315646. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 36497721 Free PMC article.
- Worry about COVID-19 as a predictor of future insomnia.Brown LA, Hamlett GE, Zhu Y, Wiley JF, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Visoki E, Greenberg DM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Brown LA, et al. J Sleep Res. 2022 Oct;31(5):e13564. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13564. Epub 2022 Feb 14. J Sleep Res. 2022. PMID: 35165971 Free PMC article.
- Anxiety disorders.Penninx BW, Pine DS, Holmes EA, Reif A. Penninx BW, et al. Lancet. 2021 Mar 6;397(10277):914-927. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00359-7. Epub 2021 Feb 11. Lancet. 2021. PMID: 33581801 Free PMC article. Review.
- Directionality of change in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and suicidal ideation over six years in a naturalistic clinical sample✰.Brown LA, Wakschal E, Russman-Block S, Boisseau CL, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Brown LA, et al. J Affect Disord. 2019 Feb 15;245:841-847. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.006. Epub 2018 Nov 13. J Affect Disord. 2019. PMID: 30699868 Free PMC article.
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Activities of Daily Living
- Adult
- Anti-Anxiety Agents / therapeutic use*
- Anxiety Disorders / therapy*
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / methods*
- Executive Function
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Primary Health Care*
- Prospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
- Treatment Outcome
- Anti-Anxiety Agents
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 5](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4383724/bin/nihms642653f5a.jpg)
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and…
Figure 5
A: Comparison of ASI and SDS for UC group B: Comparison of ASI…
- Prognostic subgroups for remission and response in the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) trial.Kelly JM, Jakubovski E, Bloch MH. Kelly JM, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;76(3):267-78. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13m08922. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015. PMID: 25562579 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Anxiety treatment improves physical functioning with oblique scoring of the SF-12 short form health survey.Niles AN, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne PP, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Craske MG. Niles AN, et al. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 May-Jun;35(3):291-6. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.004. Epub 2013 Jan 16. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013. PMID: 23332608 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Effects of co-occurring depression on treatment for anxiety disorders: analysis of outcomes from a large primary care effectiveness trial.Campbell-Sills L, Sherbourne CD, Roy-Byrne P, Craske MG, Sullivan G, Bystritsky A, Lang AJ, Chavira DA, Rose RD, Shaw Welch S, Stein MB. Campbell-Sills L, et al. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;73(12):1509-16. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m07955. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012. PMID: 23290323 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care.Craske MG, Stein MB, Sullivan G, Sherbourne C, Bystritsky A, Rose RD, Lang AJ, Welch S, Campbell-Sills L, Golinelli D, Roy-Byrne P. Craske MG, et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;68(4):378-88. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.25. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011. PMID: 21464362 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Suicidal Ideation.Harmer B, Lee S, Duong TVH, Saadabadi A. Harmer B, et al. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. 2023 Feb 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 33351435 Free Books & Documents.
- COVID-19 Worries and Insomnia: A Follow-Up Study.Brown LA, Zhu Y, Hamlett GE, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Visoki E, Greenberg DM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Brown LA, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 4;20(5):4568. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054568. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023. PMID: 36901578 Free PMC article.
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- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Activities of Daily Living
- Adult
- Anti-Anxiety Agents / therapeutic use*
- Anxiety Disorders / therapy*
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / methods*
- Executive Function
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Primary Health Care*
- Prospective Studies
- Severity of Illness Index
- Treatment Outcome
- Anti-Anxiety Agents
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
![Figure 5](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4383724/bin/nihms642653f5b.jpg)
Source: PubMed