No impairment of endothelial function or insulin sensitivity with 4 weeks of the HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir or lopinavir-ritonavir in healthy subjects without HIV infection: a placebo-controlled trial

Abstract

Background: Dyslipidemia alone does not fully explain the increase in cardiovascular events among patients receiving protease inhibitor (PI)-based treatment for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Some PIs, such as indinavir, directly induce endothelial dysfunction, an effect that may mediate that portion of the increase in cardiovascular events that is not attributable to dyslipidemia.

Methods: Endothelium-dependent vasodilation, insulin-mediated vasodilation, and whole-body and leg glucose uptake during use of a 1-h euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (insulin infusion, 40 mU/m(2)/min) were measured in healthy men before and after 4 weeks of treatment with placebo (12 men), with 400 mg atazanavir per day (9 men), or with 400 mg lopinavir and 100 mg ritonavir twice per day (9 men).

Results: Median age (36 years) and mean body mass index SD (23.4+/-2.6; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) did not differ between groups. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation, expressed as the percentage change in the leg blood flow response to intrafemoral artery infusion of 15 microg/min of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator methacholine, did not change after 4 weeks of treatment in any group:mean percentage change +/- SD, 154+/-102 from baseline and 242+/-254 at week 4 with atazanavir (P=.36), 76+/-62 and 86+/-79, respectively, with lopinavir-ritonavir (P=.68), and 111+/-86 and 127+/-153, respectively,with placebo (P=.63; for between-group differences, P=.55). The response to the endothelium-independent vasodilator nitroprusside was not different at week 4 for any group, nor was insulin-mediated vasodilation or leg or whole-body insulin-mediated glucose uptake (all within-group P values were 1.1).

Conclusions: Unlike the dramatic impairment seen with indinavir, the newer PIs atazanavir and lopinavir-ritonavir do not induce endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects. Thus, endothelial dysfunction does not appear to be a PI drug class effect. The cause of the non-lipid-mediated increase in cardiovascular events that are reported with PIs remains unclear.

Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. M.P.D. has served as a consultant or received research support from Abbott, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, and Merck. C.S., M.G., and K.J.M. - no conflicts.

Figures

Figure 1

Study procedures. Mch - methacholine chloride; SNP - sodium nitroprusside; L-NMMA - NG-Mono-Methyl-L-Arginine

Figure 2

A: Mean percentage change (±SEM) in leg blood flow from basal values during graded methacholine infusion, before and after 4 weeks of atazanavir in 9 healthy male subjects. p=0.36, paired T-test for the difference at the maximal dose of 15 μg/min. B: Mean percentage change (±SEM) in leg blood flow from basal values during graded methacholine infusion, before and after 4 weeks of lopinavir-ritonavir in 9 healthy male subjects. p=0.68, paired T-test for the difference at the maximal dose of 15 μg/min. C: Mean percentage change (±SEM) in leg blood flow from basal values during graded methacholine infusion, before and after 4 weeks of placebo in 12 healthy male subjects. p=0.63, paired T-test for the difference at the maximal dose of 15 μg/min.

Figure 2

A: Mean percentage change (±SEM) in leg blood flow from basal values during graded methacholine infusion, before and after 4 weeks of atazanavir in 9 healthy male subjects. p=0.36, paired T-test for the difference at the maximal dose of 15 μg/min. B: Mean percentage change (±SEM) in leg blood flow from basal values during graded methacholine infusion, before and after 4 weeks of lopinavir-ritonavir in 9 healthy male subjects. p=0.68, paired T-test for the difference at the maximal dose of 15 μg/min. C: Mean percentage change (±SEM) in leg blood flow from basal values during graded methacholine infusion, before and after 4 weeks of placebo in 12 healthy male subjects. p=0.63, paired T-test for the difference at the maximal dose of 15 μg/min.

Figure 2

A: Mean percentage change (±SEM) in leg blood flow from basal values during graded methacholine infusion, before and after 4 weeks of atazanavir in 9 healthy male subjects. p=0.36, paired T-test for the difference at the maximal dose of 15 μg/min. B: Mean percentage change (±SEM) in leg blood flow from basal values during graded methacholine infusion, before and after 4 weeks of lopinavir-ritonavir in 9 healthy male subjects. p=0.68, paired T-test for the difference at the maximal dose of 15 μg/min. C: Mean percentage change (±SEM) in leg blood flow from basal values during graded methacholine infusion, before and after 4 weeks of placebo in 12 healthy male subjects. p=0.63, paired T-test for the difference at the maximal dose of 15 μg/min.