An 8-week diet high in cereal fiber and coffee but free of red meat does not improve beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial

Yanislava Karusheva, Lejla Kunstein, Alessandra Bierwagen, Bettina Nowotny, Stefan Kabisch, Jan B Groener, Ann Kristin Fleitmann, Christian Herder, Giovanni Pacini, Klaus Strassburger, Hans-Ulrich Häring, Peter P Nawroth, Andreas F H Pfeiffer, Volker Burkart, Karsten Müssig, Michael Roden, Julia Szendroedi, Yanislava Karusheva, Lejla Kunstein, Alessandra Bierwagen, Bettina Nowotny, Stefan Kabisch, Jan B Groener, Ann Kristin Fleitmann, Christian Herder, Giovanni Pacini, Klaus Strassburger, Hans-Ulrich Häring, Peter P Nawroth, Andreas F H Pfeiffer, Volker Burkart, Karsten Müssig, Michael Roden, Julia Szendroedi

Abstract

Background: Higher dietary intake of fibers and coffee, but lower red meat intake is associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes in epidemiological studies. We hypothesized that a calorie-restricted diet, which is high in fiber and coffee, but free of red meat, improves beta-cell function in patients with T2D.

Methods: In a randomized parallel-group pilot trial, obese type 2 diabetes patients were randomly allocated to consume either a diet high in cereal fiber and coffee, but free of red meat (n = 17) (L-RISK) or a diet low in fiber, free of coffee but high in red meat (n = 20) (H-RISK) for 8 weeks. Insulin secretion was assessed from glucagon stimulation tests (GST) and mixed-meal tolerance tests (MMTT) before and after dietary intervention.

Results: Both diets resulted in comparable reduction of fasting concentrations of insulin (H-RISK -28% vs. L-RISK -32%, both p < 0.01), C-peptide (H-RISK -26% vs. L-RISK -30%, both p < 0.01) and blood glucose (H-RISK -6.8%, p < 0.05 vs. L-RISK -10%, p < 0.01). Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) secretion increased by 24% after 8 weeks in the L-RISK only (p < 0.01). However, GST and MMTT showed no differences in insulin secretion after intervention.

Conclusions: Calorie restriction independent of the intake of fiber, coffee or meat failed to improve beta-cell function, but improved GIP secretion in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Trial registration: Registration at Clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier number: NCT01409330, Registered 4 August 2011 - Retrospectively registered.

Keywords: Beta-cell function; Calorie restriction; Coffee; Dietary fiber; Red meat.

Conflict of interest statement

The study was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki, approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf. All participants gave written informed consent before inclusion in the study.All authors have seen and approved the manuscript being submitted.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Fasting concentrations of blood glucose (a), insulin (c), C-peptide (e), as well as mixed-meal-induced beta-cell function (means±SEM) from incremental areas under the respective concentration-time curves (iAUC; b, d, f) before and after dietary intervention in a subgroup of participants of the H-RISK group (n = 19) and L-RISK groups (n = 16). Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) (g) and gastric inhibitor peptide (GIP) (h) from incremental areas under the respective concentration-time curves
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Glucagon-stimulated beta-cell function (means±SEM) from Δinsulin (a) and ΔC-peptide (b) before and after dietary intervention in a subgroup of participants of the H-RISK (n = 15) and L-RISK groups (n = 13)

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