Comparisons between Manual Lymph Drainage, Abdominal Massage, and Electrical Stimulation on Functional Constipation Outcomes: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Jacqueline S Drouin, Lucinda Pfalzer, Jung Myo Shim, Seong Jung Kim, Jacqueline S Drouin, Lucinda Pfalzer, Jung Myo Shim, Seong Jung Kim

Abstract

Background: Evidence supports abdominal massage (AM) or electrical stimulation (ES) as effective in treating functional constipation (FC). Manual lymph drainage (MLD) may also be beneficial, however, it was not previously investigated or compared to ES and AM.

Methods: Sixteen college-aged males and 36 females were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to MLD, AM or ES. Heart rate variability (HRV) measures for total power (TP), high frequency (HF), low frequency and LF/HF ratio assessed ANS outcomes. state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and stress response inventory (SRI) assessed psychological factors and bowel movement frequency (BMF) and duration (BMD) were recorded daily.

Results: MLD significantly improved all ANS measures (p≤0.01); AM significantly improved LF, HF and LF/HF ratios (p = 0.04); and ES significantly improved LF (p = 0.1). STAI measures improved, but not significantly in all groups. SRI improved significantly from MLD (p < 0.01), AM (p = 0.04) and ES (p < 0.01), but changes were not significant between groups. BMD improved significantly in all groups (p≤ 0.02). BMF improved significantly only following MLD and AM (p < 0.1), but differences between groups were not significant (p = 0.39).

Conclusions: MLD significantly reduced FC symptoms and MLD had greater improvements than AM or ES.

Keywords: bowel movement; constipation; electrical stimulation; heart rate variability; manual lymph drainage; massage; stress and anxiety.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental procedures time flow chart. MLD: manual lymph drainage, AM: abdominal massage, ES: electrical stimulation.

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