Gut bacteria alteration in obese people and its relationship with gene polymorphism

Hao-Jiang Zuo, Zhi-Mei Xie, Wei-Wei Zhang, Yong-Ru Li, Wei Wang, Xiao-Bei Ding, Xiao-Fang Pei, Hao-Jiang Zuo, Zhi-Mei Xie, Wei-Wei Zhang, Yong-Ru Li, Wei Wang, Xiao-Bei Ding, Xiao-Fang Pei

Abstract

Aim: To investigate the differences in cultivable gut bacteria and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPAR-γ2) gene Pro12Ala variation in obese and normal-weight Chinese people.

Methods: Using culture methods, the amounts of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Bacteroides, Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria and Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) in the feces of 52 obese participants [body mass index (BMI): ≥ 28 kg/m(2)] and 52 participants of normal-weight (BMI: 18.5-24 kg/m(2)) were obtained. Study participants completed comprehensive questionnaires and underwent clinical laboratory tests. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-PFLP) assay was used to analyze PPAR-γ2 gene Pro12Ala variation.

Results: The obese group exhibited a lower amount of C. perfringens (6.54 ± 0.65 vs 6.94 ± 0.57, P = 0.001) and Bacteroides (9.81 ± 0.58 vs 10.06 ± 0.39, P = 0.012) than their normal-weight counterparts. No major differences were observed in Pro12Ala genotype distribution between the two groups; however, obese individuals with a Pro/Ala genotype had a significantly lower level of Bacteroides (9.45 ± 0.62 vs 9.93 ± 0.51, P = 0.027) than those with a Pro/Pro genotype. In addition, the obese group demonstrated a higher stool frequency (U = 975, P < 0.001) and a looser stool (U = 1062, P = 0.015) than the normal-weight group.

Conclusion: Our results indicated interactions among cultivable gut flora, host genetic factors and obese phenotype and this might be helpful for obesity prevention.

Keywords: Culture methods; Gene polymorphism; Human gut flora; Obesity; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Stool frequency in obese and normal-weight groups. The obese group demonstrated a higher stool frequency (U = 975, P < 0.001).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Stool form scale in obese and normal-weight groups. A substantial difference was observed in the stool form scale between the obese and normal-weight groups (U = 1062, P < 0.05). A greater number of participants in the normal-weight group demonstrated a type 2 (stools exhibiting a smooth snake or sausage shape with cracks in the surface) and type 3 (stools appearing in separate, hard lumps or even in a nut-like form) stool form compared with their obese counterparts (42 vs 34, 3 vs 1).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Genotyping analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. M: Molecular marker; PA: Pro/Ala heterozygote; PP: Pro/Pro homozygote.

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