Thyroid and androgen receptor signaling are antagonized by μ-Crystallin in prostate cancer
Osman Aksoy, Jan Pencik, Markus Hartenbach, Ali A Moazzami, Michaela Schlederer, Theresa Balber, Adam Varady, Cecile Philippe, Pascal A Baltzer, Bismoy Mazumder, Jonathan B Whitchurch, Christopher J Roberts, Andrea Haitel, Merima Herac, Martin Susani, Markus Mitterhauser, Rodrig Marculescu, Judith Stangl-Kremser, Melanie R Hassler, Gero Kramer, Shahrokh F Shariat, Suzanne D Turner, Boris Tichy, Jan Oppelt, Sarka Pospisilova, Sabrina Hartenbach, Simone Tangermann, Gerda Egger, Heidi A Neubauer, Richard Moriggl, Zoran Culig, Georg Greiner, Gregor Hoermann, Marcus Hacker, David M Heery, Olaf Merkel, Lukas Kenner, Osman Aksoy, Jan Pencik, Markus Hartenbach, Ali A Moazzami, Michaela Schlederer, Theresa Balber, Adam Varady, Cecile Philippe, Pascal A Baltzer, Bismoy Mazumder, Jonathan B Whitchurch, Christopher J Roberts, Andrea Haitel, Merima Herac, Martin Susani, Markus Mitterhauser, Rodrig Marculescu, Judith Stangl-Kremser, Melanie R Hassler, Gero Kramer, Shahrokh F Shariat, Suzanne D Turner, Boris Tichy, Jan Oppelt, Sarka Pospisilova, Sabrina Hartenbach, Simone Tangermann, Gerda Egger, Heidi A Neubauer, Richard Moriggl, Zoran Culig, Georg Greiner, Gregor Hoermann, Marcus Hacker, David M Heery, Olaf Merkel, Lukas Kenner
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a key approach in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). However, PCa inevitably relapses and becomes ADT resistant. Besides androgens, there is evidence that thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) and its active form 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) are involved in the progression of PCa. Epidemiologic evidences show a higher incidence of PCa in men with elevated thyroid hormone levels. The thyroid hormone binding protein μ-Crystallin (CRYM) mediates intracellular thyroid hormone action by sequestering T3 and blocks its binding to cognate receptors (TRα/TRβ) in target tissues. We show in our study that low CRYM expression levels in PCa patients are associated with early biochemical recurrence and poor prognosis. Moreover, we found a disease stage-specific expression of CRYM in PCa. CRYM counteracted thyroid and androgen signaling and blocked intracellular choline uptake. CRYM inversely correlated with [18F]fluoromethylcholine (FMC) levels in positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging of PCa patients. Our data suggest CRYM as a novel antagonist of T3- and androgen-mediated signaling in PCa. The role of CRYM could therefore be an essential control mechanism for the prevention of aggressive PCa growth.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02659527.
Keywords: PSMA-PET; androgen receptor; prostate cancer; thyroid hormone receptor; μ-Crystallin.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
© 2020 The Authors. International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Union for International Cancer Control.
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