Cardiovascular reactivity as a measure of irritability in a transdiagnostic sample of youth: Preliminary associations

Reut Naim, Matthew S Goodwin, Kelly Dombek, Olga Revzina, Courtney Agorsor, Kyunghun Lee, Christian Zapp, Gabrielle F Freitag, Simone P Haller, Elise Cardinale, David Jangraw, Melissa A Brotman, Reut Naim, Matthew S Goodwin, Kelly Dombek, Olga Revzina, Courtney Agorsor, Kyunghun Lee, Christian Zapp, Gabrielle F Freitag, Simone P Haller, Elise Cardinale, David Jangraw, Melissa A Brotman

Abstract

Objectives: Irritability is a transdiagnostic symptom in developmental psychopathology, conceptualized as a low threshold for frustration and increased proneness to anger. While central to emotion regulation, there is a vital need for empirical studies to explore the relationship between irritability and underlying physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular arousal.

Methods: We examined the relationship between irritability and cardiovascular arousal (i.e., heart rate [HR] and heart rate variability [HRV]) in a transdiagnostic sample of 51 youth (M = 12.63 years, SD = 2.25; 62.7% male). Data was collected using the Empatica E4 during a laboratory stop-signal task. In addition, the impact of motion activity, age, medication, and sleep on cardiovascular responses was explored.

Results: Main findings showed that irritability was associated with increased HR and decreased HRV during task performance.

Conclusions: Findings support the role of peripheral physiological dysregulation in youth with emotion regulation problems and suggest the potential use of available wearable consumer electronics as an objective measure of irritability and physiological arousal in a transdiagnostic sample of youth.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00025935.

Keywords: arousal; child/adolescence; heart rate; heart rate variability; irritability; sleep.

Conflict of interest statement

Matthew S. Goodwin is a Scientific Advisory Board member at Empatica Inc and a Scientific Consultant for the National Institute of Mental Health . All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this manuscript.

© 2021 The Authors. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Changes in cardiac measures during SST; (a) HR levels across time and (b) RMSSD levels across time. BL, baseline resting phase; Blocks 1–5, experimental blocks of the SST; FU, follow‐up; HR, heart rate; RMSSD, root mean square of successive difference between normal heartbeats; SST, stop signal task
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Association between parent‐reported irritability and heart rate (HR) during recovery phase. Graph reflects model in which variables were standardized
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Heart rate (HR) change from post‐task to follow‐up as a function of parent‐reported irritability. Graph reflects model in which variables were standardized
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Association between parent‐reported irritability and heart rate variability (HRV)–root mean square of the successive difference (RMSSD) during recovery phase. Graph reflects model in which variables were standardized
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Heart rate variability (HRV)–root mean square of the successive difference (RMSSD) change from post‐task to follow‐up as a function of parent‐reported irritability. Graph reflects model in which variables were standardized

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